OUR MINERAL RESOURCES-THE MOST NEGLECTED SECTOR Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 2/25 October 2018
SEQUENCE Classification of Natural Resources Importance of Minerals Mineral Potential of Pakistan Valuable Minerals of Pakistan Mineral Map of Pakistan Global Mineral Resources vs GDP Growth Pakistan’s Mineral Resources vs GDP Growth Role of PAEC’s Mineral Sector Expertise of PAEC in Development of Mineral Sector PAEC’s Contribution Benefits of Developing Mineral Sector Way Forward 3/25 October 2018
CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES Natural Resources Renewables Non-Renewables Resources Resources Energy Air Plants Soil Fossil (wind, solar, & & Minerals & geothermal, Fuels Water Animals Water tidal) 4/25 October 2018
IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS Mineral resources play significant role in Socio-economic development. Minerals provide 95% of energy resource and 75% industrial raw material. Development of USA, Australia, Canada, Saudi Arabia etc. is mainly due to mineral resources. Development of England in 18 th century was due to iron & coal discovery. In Middle East, the oil & gas production changed their life style. In Pakistan, the contribution of Mineral Sector to GDP is only 0.5% to 1.0%, which needs to be enhanced. 5/25 October 2018
MINERAL POTENTIAL OF PAKISTAN Pakistan is reportedly blessed with abundant mineral resources. Some mineral sector departments are GSP, PMDC, BDA, SDA, PUNJMIN, etc. Hidden bonanza is yet to be encountered and exploited. Multinational companies assistance in discovery of oil & gas is laudable. Exploration & mining of copper, gold, iron, chromite, and rare earth elements (REEs) etc. can play vital role in economic development. 6/25 October 2018
VALUABLE MINERALS OF PAKISTAN Metallic Minerals : Copper, Chromite, Lead, Zinc, Antimony, Iron ore etc. Precious Minerals : Beryl / Emerald, Corundum / Ruby , Topaz, Peridot, Garnet etc. Dimension Stone : Marble, Granite and Serpentine Fuel Minerals : Coal, Hydro-carbon (Petroleum, Natural gas) Industrial Minerals : Limestone, Clay, Phosphate, Rock salt, Gypsum, Barite, Graphite, Calcite, Silica sand etc. Radioactive Minerals : Uranium and Thorium Rare Earth Mineral : Chevkinite, Bastinisite, Monazite etc. 7/25 October 2018
MINERAL MAP OF PAKISTAN CHINA Gilgit (Molybdenum) Chitral (Copper, Gold, Silver) Skardu (Gold, Emerald, Ruby) Sellai Patti, Malakand Swat (REEs, Zircon, Emerald) Tangir Mardan (Topaz, REEs) (REEs) Waziristan (Copper, Iron, Chromite) Kohistan (Chromite, Gold) AFGHANISTAN Salt Range, Kohat-Potwar Plateau Zhob (Oil & Gas, Coal, Salt, (Copper, Chromite) Limestone, Gypsum, Iron) Pishin (Copper, Antimony) Chiniot Dalbandin (Iron, Copper, Gold) (Iron, Copper) Chagai (Iron, Copper, Gold) Sulaiman-Kirthar Belt, Sindh Planes Khuzdar (Oil & Gas, Limestone) (Iron, Silver, Lead) Lakhra Block (Coal) Thar Block IRAN (Coal) Pab (Lead, Zinc, Chromite) ARABIAN SEA 8/25 October 2018
Top 10 Mining Economies (2014) 450 14 400 Production Value (USD Billion) 12 Production Value (% of GDP) 350 Production Value (Billion USD) Production Value (% of GDP) 10 Pakistan: Production Value = $7.2 Billion 300 % of GDP = 2.9% (including Oil & Gas) 8 250 200 6 150 4 100 2 50 0 0 Source: Mining’s contribution to low- and middle-income economies, Magnus Ericsson and Olof Löf, WIDER Working Paper 2017/148, United Nations University, Jun 2017 9/25
Five Highest Mining GDP (2014) Countries - (Share in total GDP) $69 billion (1.9%) Russia $107 billion (0.61%) USA China $405 billion (2.4%) India $61 billion (0.9%) Pakistan $7.2 billion (2.9%) (including Oil & Gas) $121 billion (11.9%) Australia Source: Mining’s contribution to low- and middle-income economies, Magnus Ericsson and Olof Löf, WIDER Working Paper 2017/148, United Nations University, Jun 2017 10/25
PAKISTAN’s MINERAL RESOURCES vs GDP GROWTH Mineral potential has yet to contribute its sizable share in national economy. RekoDiq deposit is an example which is still to be exploited. Mining and quarrying sector grew by 3.04%* in 2017-18 as against 0.38% in 2016-17. Some major reasons for under-utilization of minerals wealth of Pakistan are: • Scarcity of reliable database • Lack of requisite infrastructure • Non conducive environment for foreign investment • Lack of skilled manpower • Lack of modern mining and processing (value addition) techniques * Ref : Pakistan Economic Survey 2017-18, Finance Division Govt. of Pakistan”, 11/25 October 2018
ROLE OF PAEC’s MINERAL SECTOR PAEC is mandated to exploit indigenous Nuclear Raw Material for its Fuel Cycle program. Has developed a well-integrated mineral program: • State of art facilities like remote sensing, airborne, drilling etc. • Modern broad-based analytical chemistry and mineralogical laboratories Self-sufficient in expertise, capabilities & capacity for its own tasks Has started MS level “Mineral Resource Engineering” program at PIEAS 12/25 October 2018
Remote Sensing Data Processing Fac ility Capable of Satellite Data Processing, Analysis and Interpretation 13/25 October 2018
Heliborne Multiple Geophysical System (with Most Modern Airborne Sensors) Capable of recording Spectrometric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic data for quick assessment of mineral potential of Uranium, Copper, Gold, Silver, Iron etc. 14/25 October 2018
Exploration Activities Car Borne Survey Geological Activity Geochemical Sampling Rock Sampling 15/25 October 2018
Exploration Activities Geophysical Survey Drilling Activity Recovered Core for Analysis Borehole Logging 16/25 October 2018
MINERALOGY LABORATORIES Sample Preparation for Analysis Different Stages of Thin Section Preparation Stereo Microscope for Thin Section study under Mineral Identification Polarizing Microscope 17/25 October 2018
CHEMISTRY LABORATORIES XRF GAMMA SPECTROMETRY XRF SPECTROMETRY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY 18/25 October 2018
EXPERTISE OF PAEC IN DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL SECTOR 1/3 MINING OF MINERALS There are three major types of mining techniques. 1. Underground mining (conventional) 2. Open-pit mining (conventional) • In both techniques, ore is crushed and ground in a surface mill and the desired mineral is extracted by leaching. • PAEC has experience of open-pit & underground mining and minerals processing. 3. In-situ leach (ISL) mining (unconventional) 19/25 October 2018
EXPERTISE OF PAEC IN DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL SECTOR 2/3 In-Situ Leach (ISL) Mining Most economical, quick, environment friendly, hazard free & safe method It is being used for recovery of U, Gold and Copper. It is a technique to extract the mineral from the ore underwater. The metal is dissolved underground into alkaline/acidic water with its physical removal and then pumped out to the surface. The recovered water is processed and metal is extracted. PAEC has indigenously developed the ISL Mining expertise The following video shows/explains the ISL Mining operation: 20/25 October 2018
EXPERTISE OF PAEC IN DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL SECTOR 3/3 IN-SITU LEACH MINING 21/25 October 2018
PAEC’s CONTRIBUTION SERVICES TO GOVT & PRIVATE SECTOR Some of the contribution in the National Projects is as under: Department Description of Work PUNJMIN Core Drilling for Chiniot Iron Ore (Dec 96 - Mar 97 & Jun 98 - Sept 98) NORCONSULT & Geo-Technical Drilling & Soil investigation of Neelum-Jhelum & Kohala WAPDA Hydro-Power Projects ( 1998-99) Lucky Cement & Core Drilling for Ore Reserve Estimation D.G. Cement NHA Soil Investigation & Core Drilling on Motorway M2 22/25 October 2018
BENEFITS OF DEVELOPING MINERAL SECTOR Higher opportunity for employment Infrastructure development in mineral hosting area Socio-economic development Avoids migration to big cities Development of skilled manpower for other projects of country Technological developments in mineral sector Saving millions of dollars incurred on import of minerals Earning foreign exchange on export of minerals and dimension stones etc. 23/25 October 2018
WAY FORWARD 1/2 For development of mineral sector, some food for thought is as under: Provincial geology departments need to produce authentic geo-scientific data Involve national universities to develop geo-scientific data base, modern mineral exploitation techniques especially for coal, copper and chromite Mineral departments may synergize their expertise and facilities A national level Think Tank may be established having experts in geology, mining and mineral processing, from credible organizations including PAEC, to perform: 1. Evaluation of all the upcoming projects of national importance 2. Provide technical advice where problem arises 24/25 October 2018
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