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A RCHITECTURAL S TRUCTURES : F ORM, B EHAVIOR, AND D ESIGN A RCH 331 D R. A NNE N ICHOLS S UMMER 2018 lecture one structural behavior, systems, and design www.greatbuildings.com Introduction 1 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1

  1. A RCHITECTURAL S TRUCTURES : F ORM, B EHAVIOR, AND D ESIGN A RCH 331 D R. A NNE N ICHOLS S UMMER 2018 lecture one structural behavior, systems, and design www.greatbuildings.com Introduction 1 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  2. Syllabus & Student Understandings Introduction 2 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  3. Course Description • statics – physics of forces and reactions on bodies and systems – equilibrium (bodies at rest) • structures – something made up of interdependent parts in a definite pattern of organization • design – assessing and meeting structural requirements of parts and the whole Introduction 3 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  4. Course Description • mechanics of materials – external loads and effect on deformable bodies – use it to answer question if structure meets requirements of • stability and equilibrium • strength and stiffness – other principle building requirements • economy, functionality and aesthetics Introduction 4 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  5. Structure Requirements • stability & equilibrium – STATICS Introduction 5 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  6. Structure Requirements (cont) • strength & stiffness – concerned with stability of components Introduction 6 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  7. Structural System Selection • kind & size of loads • building function • soil & topology of site • systems integration • fire rating • construction ($$, schedule) • architectural form Introduction 7 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  8. Knowledge Required • external forces • internal forces • material properties • member cross sections • ability of a material to resist breaking • structural elements that resist excessive – deflection – deformation Introduction 8 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  9. Problem Solving 1. STATICS: equilibrium of external forces, internal forces, stresses 2. GEOMETRY: cross section properties, deformations and conditions of geometric fit, strains 3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES: stress-strain relationship for each material obtained from testing Introduction 9 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  10. Relation to Architecture “The geometry and arrangement of the load-bearing members, the use of materials, and the crafting of joints all represent opportunities for buildings to express themselves. The best buildings are not designed by architects who after resolving the formal and spatial issues, simply ask the structural engineer to make sure it doesn’t fall down.” - Onouye & Kane Statics and Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building Construction Introduction 10 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  11. Architectural Space and Form • evolution traced to developments in structural engineering and material technology – stone & masonry – timber – concrete – cast iron, steel – tensile fabrics, pneumatic structures...... Introduction 11 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  12. Architectural Space and Form • structure is a device for channeling loads that result from the use and/or presence of the building to the ground – span a roof – hold up a floor – cross a river – suspend a canopy www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/ Introduction 12 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  13. Structural Action • axial tension • bending • axial compression Introduction 13 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  14. Structural Action • member breadth & depth Introduction 14 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  15. Structural Action • stabilization Introduction 15 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  16. Structural Action • shear & bracing Introduction 16 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  17. Structural Action • lateral resistance Introduction 17 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  18. Structural Action • twisting Introduction 18 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  19. Structural Design • planning • preliminary structural configuration • determination of loads • preliminary member selection • analysis • evaluation • design revision • final design Introduction 19 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  20. Structural Loads • STATIC and DYNAMIC • dead load – static, fixed, includes building weight, fixed equipment • live load – transient and moving loads (including occupants), snowfall Introduction 20 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  21. Structural Loads • wind loads – dynamic, wind pressures treated as lateral static loads on walls, up or down loads on roofs Introduction 21 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  22. Structural Loads • earthquake loads – seismic, movement of ground Introduction 22 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  23. Structural Loads • impact loads – rapid, energy loads Introduction 23 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  24. Structural Loads • gravity acts on mass (F=m*g) • force of mass – acts at a point • ie. joist on beam – acts along a “line” • ie. floor on a beam – acts over an area • ie. people, books, snow on roof or floor Introduction 24 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  25. Structural Math • quantify environmental loads – how big is it? • evaluate geometry and angles – where is it? – what is the scale? – what is the size in a particular direction? • quantify what happens in the structure – how big are the internal forces? – how big should the beam be? Introduction 25 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  26. Structural Math • physics takes observable phenomena and relates the measurement with rules: mathematical relationships • need – reference frame – measure of length, mass, time, direction, velocity, acceleration, work, heat, electricity, light – calculations & geometry Introduction 26 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  27. Structural Organization • classifications – geometry • line-forming • surface-forming – stiffness • rigid • flexible – one-way or two-way • spatial organization and load transfer – materials Introduction 27 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  28. Structural Components • bearing walls • columns • beams • flat plates • trusses • arches • shells • cables Introduction 28 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  29. Bearing Walls Introduction 29 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  30. Bearing Walls • behavior as “deep beams” Introduction 30 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  31. Columns & Walls Introduction 31 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  32. Beams & Plates Introduction 32 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  33. Beams & Plates Introduction 33 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  34. Trusses and Shells Introduction 34 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  35. Arches and Cables Introduction 35 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  36. Building Framing • Components or Assemblages Introduction 36 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  37. Building Framing Introduction 37 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  38. System Selection • evaluation of alternatives Introduction 38 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  39. System Selection Introduction 39 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  40. Structural Design Criteria • components stay together • structure acts as whole to be stable – resist sliding – resist overturning – resist twisting and distortion • internal stability – interconnectedness • strength & stiffness Introduction 40 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  41. Structural Design Sequences • first-order design – structural type and organization – design intent – contextual or programmatic • second-order – structural strategies – material choice – structural systems • third-order – member shaping & sizing Introduction 41 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  42. Systems by Materials • Wood • Steel • Concrete • Masonry • Composite Introduction 42 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  43. Wood • columns • beams • trusses Introduction 43 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

  44. Timber Construction • all-wood framing systems – studs, beams, floor diaphragms, shearwalls – glulam arches & frames – post & beams – trusses • composite construction – masonry shear walls – concrete – steel Introduction 44 Architectural Structures Su2018abn Lecture 1 ARCH 331

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