ON LICENSING OF NEGATIVE ON LICENSING OF NEGATIVE POLARITY ITEMS IN EGYPTIAN ARABIC Usama Soltan (usoltan@middlebury.edu) Middlebury College 25 th Arabic Linguistics Symposium March 4-6, 2011 − Tucson, AZ
Goals 2 • First , provide a descriptive account of the First , provide a descriptive account of the distribution of two Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) in Egyptian Arabic (EA): / ayy and walaa . • Second , compare two approaches to the licensing conditions for these two NPIs, concluding that an g approach to NPI-licensing in terms of nonveridicality fares better than a monotonicity-based approach in accounting for the EA facts.
Negative Polarity Items in Egyptian Arabic 3 � NPIs refer to lexical items that have restricted � NPIs refer to lexical items that have restricted distribution in a language because their occurrence is tied to the presence of a “licenser” in the p structure, typically one with negative or negative- like properties, hence the name NPIs (Klima 1964; Baker 1970). � In this presentation, I discuss the behavior of two NPIs in EA: / ayy (=any) and walaa (the polarity- / sensitive item typically used in negative concord contexts). t t )
/ ayy (=any) يأي 4 � / ayy functions as a determiner that combines with � / ayy functions as a determiner that combines with indefinite nouns as in the examples below: 1. . ʔ ayy waa id/ ʔ ayy ad ayy waa d/ ayy ad “anyone” a yo e ʔ ayy aagah “anything” ʔ ayy itta ʔ ayy itta “any place” any place ʔ ayy raagil “any man” ʔ ʔ ayy kitaab kit b “ “any book” b k”
/ ayy (=any) يأي 5 Ɂayy ad Ɂayy ad / anaa / anaa 2a. 2a. maa-šuf-t-i-š maa šuf t i š I NEG - SAW -1SG- EV - NEG any one ‘I didn’t see anybody’ I didn t see anybody. ﺪﺣ يأ ﺶﺘﻔﺷ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻧأ . Ɂa Ɂayy ad * / * / anaa d b b. š f t šuf-t I saw-1 SG any one أأ * ﺪﺣ يأ ﺖﻔﺷ ﺎﻧأ .
walaa ﻻو 6 � Similarly, walaa combines with indefinite nouns: � Similarly, walaa combines with indefinite nouns: walaa waa id/walaa ad 3. “no one” walaa aagah wa aa aaga “nothing” o g walaa ittah “no place” walaa raagil walaa raagil “no man” no man walaa kitaab “no book”
walaa ﻻو 7 / anaa / anaa walaa waa id walaa waa id 4a. 4a. maa-šuf-t-i-š maa šuf t i š I NEG -saw-1 SG - EV - NEG no one ‘I didn’t see anybody’ I didn t see anybody. ﺪﺣاو ﻻو ﺶﺘﻔﺷ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻧأ . * / * / anaa šuf-t walaa waa id id b b. š f t l I saw-1 SG no one أ * ﺪﺣاو ﻻو ﺖﻔﺷ ﺎﻧأ .
Road Map 8 � In the first half of the presentation, I provide a descriptive account of the grammatical distribution descriptive account of the grammatical distribution of / ayy and walaa . � In the second half of the presentation, I compare � In the second half of the presentation, I compare two different analyses of NPI-licensing to determine which analysis is more adequate in accounting for the distribution / ayy and walaa .
The distribution of ʔ ayy and walaa in EA 9 � There are two types of grammatical contexts to � There are two types of grammatical contexts to consider with regard to the distribution of the NPIs ʔ ayy and walaa : Contexts in which both ʔ ayy and walaa 5a. occur, and Contexts where ʔ ayy , but not walaa , may b. occur.
Contexts where both ʔ ayy and walaa occur: ً Clausemate Sentential Negation Clausemate Sentential Negation 10 ʔ ayy/walaa waa id ʔ ayy/walaa waa id 6a. maa-šuf-t-i-š 6a. maa šuf t i š NEG -saw-1 SG - EV - NEG any/no one ‘I didn’t see anybody’ I didn t see anybody. يأ ﺶﺘﻔﺷ ﺎﻣ / ﺪﺣاو ﻻو . ʔ ayy/walaa aagah ʔ b b. maa-šuf-t-i-š š f t i š / l h NEG -saw-1 SG - EV - NEG any/no thing ‘I didn’t see anything.’ يأ ﺶﺘﻔﺷ ﺎﻣ / ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو .
Contexts where both ʔ ayy and walaa occur: min F eir (=without) clauses min- F eir (=without) clauses 11 ÷ alii ÷ alii min- F eir min F eir 7. 7. mišii mišii maa maa Ali left.3s SGM without COMP ʔ ayy/walaa waa id ʔ ayy/walaa waa id ma ÷ a ma ÷ a yi-tkallim yi-tkallim IPFV -talk.3 SGM with any/no one ‘Ali l f i h ‘Ali left without talking to anyone.’ lki ’ يأ ﻊﻣ ﻢﻠﻜﺘﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻦﻣ ﻲﺸﻣ ﻲﻠﻋ / ﺪﺣاو ﻻو .
Contexts where both ʔ ayy and walaa occur: min F eir (=without) clauses min- F eir (=without) clauses 12 fii- / il-mool fii / il mool 8. Mona laff-it 8. Mona laff it kitiir kitiir Mona shopped.3 SGF much in-the-mall ʔ ayy/walaa aagah ʔ ayy/walaa aagah min- F eir maa ti-štirii min- F eir maa ti-štirii without COMP IPFV -buy.3 SGF any/no thing ‘M ‘Mona shopped around at the mall for a long time h d d h ll f l i without buying anything.’ أﺘﺸﺗﺎﻏﻦلﻟاﻓﺘآﺖﻔﻟﻨ / ﺔﺎﻻيأ يﺮﺘﺸﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻦﻣ لﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﺘآ ﺖﻔﻟ ﻰﻨﻣ / ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو .
Contexts where both ʔ ayy and walaa occur: ʔ abl (=before) clauses ʔ abl (=before) clauses 13 ʔ abuu-haa maat ʔ abuu haa maat / abl / abl 9. 9. maa maa yi-šoof yi šoof father-her died.3 SGM before COMP see.3 SGM ʔ ayy/walaa waa id ʔ ayy/walaa waa id min / a faad-u-h min / a faad-u-h any/no one from grandchildren- EV -his ‘H ‘Her father died without seeing any of his f h di d i h i f hi grandchildren.’ أفﺸﺎﻞﻗتﺎﺎهأ / دﺎﻔأﻦﺪاﻻيأ فﻮﺸﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ تﺎﻣ ﺎهﻮﺑأ / ﻩدﺎﻔﺣأ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺣاو ﻻو .
Contexts where both ʔ ayy and walaa occur: ʔ abl (=before) clauses ʔ abl (=before) clauses 14 fii- / il-mool fii / il mool 10. Mona laff-it 10. Mona laff it kitiir kitiir Mona shopped.3 SGF much in-the-mall ʔ ayy/ walaa aagah ʔ ayy/*walaa aagah / abl / abl maa maa ti-štirii ti-štirii before COMP IPFV -buy.3 SGF any/no thing ‘Mona shopped around at the mall for a long time ‘M h d d h ll f l i before buying anything.’ أﺘﺸﺗﺎﻞﻗلﻟاﻓﺘآﺖﻔﻟﻨ */ ﺔﺎﻻيأ يﺮﺘﺸﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻞﺒﻗ لﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺮﻴﺘآ ﺖﻔﻟ ﻰﻨﻣ */ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو .
So, 15 � ʔ ayy and walaa may occur interchangeably in the � ʔ ayy and walaa may occur interchangeably in the contexts of (i) (i) clausemate sentential negation, clausemate sentential negation (ii) without -clauses, and (iii) (iii) some before -clauses. b f l
Contexts where / ayy , but not walaa , occurs: Distant Negation Distant Negation 16 11. A mad maa- / aal-š 11. A mad maa / aal š / in / in Mona Mona Ahmad NEG -said.3 SGM - NEG COMP Mona ʔ ayy/ walaa aagah ʔ ayy/*walaa aagah fihm-it fihm-it understood-3 SGF any/no thing ‘Ah ‘Ahmad didn’t say that Mona understood d did ’ h M d d anything.’ أﺖﻓﻨنإﺶﻟﺎﻗﺎﺪأ */ ﺔﺎﻻيأ ﺖﻤﻬﻓ ﻰﻨﻣ نإ ﺶﻟﺎﻗ ﺎﻣ ﺪﻤﺣأ */ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو .
Contexts where / ayy , but not walaa , occurs: Polar Questions (non rhetorical) Polar Questions (non-rhetorical) 17 ʔ ayy/*walaa waa id? ʔ ayy/ walaa waa id? 12a. / inta 12a. / inta šuf-t šuf t you saw-2 SGM any/no one ‘Did you see anybody?’ Did you see anybody? يأ ﺖﻔﺷ ﺖﻧإ */ ؟ﺪﺣاو ﻻو ʔ ʔ ayy/*walaa b. / inta akal-t / i t aagah? b k l t /* l h? you ate-2 SGM any/no thing ‘Did you eat anything?’ يأ ﺖﻠآأ ﺖﻧإ */ ؟ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو
Contexts where / ayy , but not walaa , occurs: Polar Questions (rhetorical) Polar Questions (rhetorical) 18 ʕumr-uh ʕumr uh ʔaraa ʔaraa Huwwa A mad Huwwa A mad 13. 13. Q Ahmad ever-his read.3SGM ʔ ayy/*walaa ʔ ayy/*walaa kitaab? kitaab? any/no book ‘Did Ah ‘Did Ahmad ever read a book?’ d d b k?’ يأ اﺮﻗ ﻩﺮﻤﻋ ﺪﻤﺣأ اﻮه */ ؟بﺎﺘآ ﻻو
Contexts where / ayy , but not walaa , occurs: Wh-questions (non-rhetorical) Wh questions (non rhetorical) 19 ʔ ayy/*walaa ʔ ayy/ walaa yi- ÷ raf yi ÷ raf 14. miin fii-kum 14. miin fii kum who in-you IPFV -know.3 SGM any/no aagah ÷ an aagah ÷ an / il-lingwistiks? / il-lingwistiks? thing about the-linguistics ‘Wh ‘Who among you knows anything about k hi b linguistics?’ أفﻜﻓﻦ */ ؟ﻜﺘﻨﻠﻟاﻦﺔﺎﻻيأ فﺮﻌﻳ ﻢﻜﻴﻓ ﻦﻴﻣ */ ؟ﺲﻜﺘﺴﻳﻮﺠﻨﻴﻠﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو
Contexts where / ayy , but not walaa , occurs: Wh questions (rhetorical) Wh-questions (rhetorical) 20 / imtaa A mad 15. huwwa min from when Ahmad Q ʔ ayy/*walaa bi-yi-fham y yy/ ASP - IPFV -understand.3 SGM any/no aagah fii / il- / iqtiSaad? g q thing in the-economics ‘Since when does Ahmad understand anything y g about economics?’ يأ ﻢﻬﻔﻴﺑ ﺪﻤﺣأ ﻰﺘﻣا ﻦﻣ اﻮه */ ؟دﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻲﻓ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو
Contexts where / ayy , but not walaa , occurs: The protasis of a conditional (non counterfactual) The protasis of a conditional (non-counterfactual) 21 ʔ ayy/ walaa ʔ ayy/*walaa aagah aagah 16. 16. law law šuft šuft if saw.2 SGM any/no thing balla F balla F / il-boliis / il-boliis tell. IMP the-police ‘If ‘If you see anything, call the police!’ hi ll h li !’ يأ ﺖﻔﺷ ﻮﻟ */ ﺲﻴﻟﻮﺒﻟا ﻎﻠﺑ ﺔﺟﺎﺣ ﻻو .
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