Nutrition assessment of pre-school and primary school children practising artistic gymnastics Downloaded from https://www.stk-sport.co.uk Author: Stefan Kolimechkov, № 3333 Masters programme : Physical Education and Sports Supervisor : Assoc. Prof. Emilia Pavlova, PhD Scientific consultant: D-r Lubomir Petrov, PhD Physiology and Biochemistry Department, NSA Master’s Thesis | National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 1
Purpose The aim of this study was to assess, using accessible methods for wide application in practice, the diet of pre-school and primary school children practising artistic gymnastics. National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 2
Objectives and tasks Approbation and adaptation of an appropriate food questionnaire in order to assess diet and nutrition of children; Nutritional assessment of pre-school and primary school children practising artistic gymnastics; Approbation of appropriate methods in order to assess physical development in young children; Assessment of the physical development of pre- school and primary school children practising gymnastics; Assessment of nutrition and physical development based on the children's training process. National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 3
Methods The study included 40 children, 22 boys and 18 girls, from 4 to 12 years of age, practising artistic gymnastics in ‘Sports Centre Levski’ in Sofia (Bulgaria). Groups: - Pre-school (3-6 years old) - Primary school (7-11 years old) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 4
Anthropometry Height (cm), percentile and Z-score Weight (kg), percentile and Z-score Upper arm circumference (cm) Skinfolds: triceps, subscapular (mm) Dynamometry (kg, N) BMI (kg/m 2 ), percentile and Z-score % Body Fat Upper arm muscle area (с m 2 ) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 5
Skinfold & Dynamometer Tests National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 6
Height, weight and BMI assessment We used specialised software prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) – ‘WHO Anthro’ (for children under six years of age) and ‘WHO Anthro Plus’ (for children over six years of age), to assess height, weight and BMI in children (WHO 2007). For each variable we calculated the Z-score and percentile score for the relevant age. To distinguish the BMI scores, we used references provided by the WHO for children from 5 to 19 years of age: (overweight > +1 SD, obese > +2 SD, underweight < -2 SD, mortality <-3 SD) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 7
Nutrition assessment The nutrition questionnaire which had been used for adult athletes (Zaikova 2010, 2011, 2012) was adapted for our purposes in order to assess the nutrient intake in children. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was completed by the children’s parents. It included 24 questions relating to the weekly consumption of basic foodstuffs and questions about the physical activity, height and weight of children. Based on the results, the daily intake of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, protein/kg body weight, in addition to the total daily energy intake (kcal/24h) was calculated . The data concerning height and weight between our measurements and those obtained from the parents were compared. National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 8
Results Anthropometric data of the children from our study Males Females Males Females 3-6 years 3-6 years 7-11 years 7-11 years 5.00 ± 0.58 5.6 ± 0.89 7.55 ± 0.52 8.7 ± 2.11 Age (y) Sport 7.43 ± 5.35 24.6 ± 12.28 26.82 ± 15.30 14.8 ± 13.97 experience (m) 112.17 ± 6.25 116.66 ± 5.91 126.27 ± 3.87 131.82 ± 12.09 Height (с m) Height -0.28 ± 0.65 0.10 ± 0.87 -0.28 ± 0.61 -0.27 ± 1.12 Z-score 18.83 ± 2.83 21.6 ± 3.11 25.54 ± 2.79 30.87 ± 10.19 Weight (kg) Weight -0.39 ± 0.77 0.25 ± 0.66 -0.10 ± 0.80 -0.02 ± 1.09 Z-score 14.91 ± 1.30 15.79 ± 1.06 16.01 ± 1.59 17.30 ± 2.82 BMI (kg/cm 2) BMI -0.37 ± 1.03 0.24 ± 0.67 0.04 ± 1.03 0.304 ± 0.86 Z-score 12.07 ± 2.21 14.66 ± 2.74 12.53 ± 2.80 17.36 ± 5.64 Body fat (%) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 9
Anthropometric and dynamometric data Males Females Males Females 3-6 years 3-6 years 7-11 years 7-11 years Skinfold 4.50 ± 0.58 5.72 ± 0.93 5.14 ± 0.81 7.99 ± 4.88 subscapular (mm) Skinfold triceps 7.93 ± 1.67 9.52 ± 2.29 7.77 ± 2.16 11.25 ± 4.19 (mm) Upper arm 16.35 ± 2.11 20.19 ± 3.84 21.80 ± 2.75 25.57 ± 7.23 muscle area (с m 2 ) Grip force 69.37 ± 12.48 79.26 ± 18.27 103.36 ± 28.46 93.29 ± 16.50 Left hand (N) Grip force 83.39 ± 39.65 84.37 ± 17.48 111.92 ± 28.33 100.45 ± 26.2 Right hand (N) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 10
12 10 Number of children 8 6 4 2 0 BMI Z-scores < -2 -2 to -1 -1 to 0 0 to 1 1 to 2 > 2 BMI Z-scores for the children under study National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 11
Food intake data of the children from our study and children of the same age group from the Nutritional Survey of the population of Bulgaria 1997 3-6 years of 3-6 years of 6-10 years of 6-10 years of age, urban age, children age, urban age, children population, under study population, under study Bulgaria 1997 Bulgaria 1997 Expected energy 1423 ± 243 1558 ± 135.9 expenditure (kcal/24 h) Energy intake 1740 ± 479 1503 ± 330 2069 ± 518 1831 ± 432.2 (kcal/24 h) 16.0 ± 1.7 16.1 ± 2.4 Protein (Е%) 10.5 10.7 33.3 ± 3.9 34.4 ± 4.5 37.3 40.2 Fat (E%) 48.4 ± 4.7 47.3 ± 5.6 Carbohydrates (E %) 52.2 49.1 Protein 3.2 ± 0.9 2.9 ± 0.9 (g/kg body weight) 46.2 ± 12.3 60.4 ± 14.7 55.6 ± 14.7 73.9 ± 19.1 Protein (g/day) 72.6 ± 21.6 55.6 ± 12.9 92.4 ± 29.5 70.0 ± 18.0 Fat (g) 228 ± 70 182 ± 45.6 254 ± 72 217.1 ± 59.3 Carbohydrates (g) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 12
Food intake data of boys with less than 2 years sport experience in gymnastics, and boys who are competitors with sport experience greater than 2 years Boys (6-10 years old), Competitors (6-10 years old), < 2 years sport experience > 2 years sport experience Expected energy 1458 ± 84.5 1557 ± 149.5 expenditure (kcal/24 h) Energy intake 1733 ± 482.9 1868 ± 464.0 (kcal/24 h) 18.0 ± 3.0 15.3 ± 1.7 Protein (Е %) 34.5 ± 4.0 34.4 ± 5.3 Fat (E%) 45.2 ± 6.4 48.4 ± 5.7 Carbohydrates (E%) Protein 3.1 ± 0.90 2.7 ± 0.7 (g/kg body weight) 76.9 ± 19.5 71.3 ± 18.3 Protein (g/day) 196.8 ± 68.0 226.0 ± 61.2 Carbohydrates (g) 66.6 ± 20.1 71.6 ± 21.4 Fat (g) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 13
30 под 2 г. спортен стаж < 2 years sport experience > 2 years sport experience над 2 г. спортен стаж 25 20 * 15 27.1 25.2 23.7 20.5 10 16.3 15.7 12.9 12.4 12.4 10.5 5 8.0 7.6 0 Age Weight BMI UAMA Grip force (kg) Grip force (kg) (kg/cm 2 ) (cm 2 ) (kg) Left hand Right hand Anthropometric and dynamometric data of primary school boys with less than 2 years sport experience in gymnastics (n=13), and boys who are competitors with sport experience greater than 2 years (n=6). (* p < 0.05) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 14
National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 15
Energy expenditure and energy intake; protein, fat and carbohydrate / kg body weight (Average ± SD) in the overweight children (n=6) and children who are competitors (n=13) Group Competitors Overweight children Average ± SD Average ± SD n n t-test Energy 70.16 ± 8.82 48.73 ± 8.98 expenditure 13.00 6.00 p<0.001 (kcal/kg/24h) Energy intake 72.32 ± 21.19 63.65 ± 15.28 13 6 p>0.05 (kcal/kg/24h) Protein 2.87 ± 0.86 2.57 ± 0.80 13 6 p>0.05 (g/kg) Fat 2.65 ± 0.88 2.30 ± 0.50 13 6 p>0.05 (g/kg) Carbohydrates 8.86 ± 2.62 7.86 ± 2.02 13 6 p>0.05 (g/kg) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 16
Athletes (n=13) Overweight (n=6) 1.40 1.20 1.00 1.27 0.80 1.29 1.03 0.60 0.40 0.13 0.20 0.00 BMI Z-score Energy (intake / calculated expenditure) BMI Z-score and ratio (energy intake)/(energy expenditure) in the overweight children (n=6) and the children who are competitors (boys and girls, n=13) * p < 0.05; *** p < 0.001 National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 17
49.4 49.2 50 Athletes Overweight 45 40 32.9 32.7 35 29.5 30 25 16.0 15.9 20 15 8.5 8.3 7.0 10 5 0 Age (y) Sports Protein % Fat % Carbohydrates experience % Average age, sports experience (months) and energy proportion of the essential nutrients in overweight children (n=6) and young athletes (boys and girls, n=13) National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 18
Conclusions and recommendations We recommend that weight and height in children should be measured by a coach or a health professional; The BMI does not assess weight adequately in some child athletes with greater muscle mass; The amount of aerobic exercise in training sessions should be increased for overweight children; The correct assessment of energy expenditure needs more accurate calculation including any extra physical activity; National Sports Academy - Sofia, 2012 19
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