NON T NON-T RADIT RADIT IONAL IONAL / / HUMAN SE HUMAN SE CURIT CURIT Y T Y T HRE HRE AT AT S S IN SOUT IN SOUT HE HE AST AST ASIA ASIA 30 Nove mbe r 30 Nove mbe r 2015 2015 NESTOR Z OCHOA AMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC AMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC
OUT L INE � Re gional Sc an (Compar g ( p ative Statistic s) ) � Non-T N T r aditional / Human Se c ur diti l / H S it ity: the th Conc e pt � Non-T � Non-T r r aditional / Human Se c ur aditional / Human Se c ur ity: Challe nge s ity: Challe nge s in Southe ast Asia � Conc lusion and Way Ahe ad y
REGIONAL SCAN REGIONAL SCAN (Comparative Statistics) (Comparative Statistics)
Population De nsity (2014) Population De nsity (2014) (Numbe r of pe ople pe r squar e kilome te r ) 9000 8000 7000 6000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 000 0 Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu
COUNTRY Population density (2014) (people/sq km) SINGAPORE 7,988 PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES 359 359 VIETNAM 282 INDONESIA INDONESIA 133 133 THAILAND 132 MALAYSIA MALAYSIA 91 91 CAMBODIA 85 MYANMAR MYANMAR 82 82 BRUNEI 73 LAOS 29 GREECE 81 EU 116 (2013) Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu
Note: EU figure is based on 2013 data.
COUNTRY GDP per capita PPP (2014) SINGAPORE 82,763.4 BRUNEI 76,753.6 , MALAYSIA 24,951.1 THAILAND THAILAND 14 551 7 14,551.7 INDONESIA 10,517.0 PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES 6 982 4 6,982.4 VIETNAM 5,629.0 LAOS LAOS 5 320 4 5,320.4 MYANMAR 4,800.0 CAMBODIA CAMBODIA 3 259 3 3,259.3 GREECE 26,098.8 EU 34,500 (2013) Source: indexmundi.com; data.worldbank.org
Population be low pove r ty line 50,00% 45,00% 40,00% 40,00% 35,00% 30,00% 2 25,00% 00% 20,00% 15,00% , 10,00% 5,00% 0 00% 0,00% Source: cia.gov
COUNTRY Population below poverty line MYANMAR 32.7% (2007) PHILIPPINES 25.2% (2012) ( ) LAOS 22.0% (2013) CAMBODIA CAMBODIA 17 7% (2012) 17.7% (2012) THAILAND 12.6% (2012) VIETNAM VIETNAM 11 3% (2012) 11.3% (2012) INDONESIA 11.3% (2014) MALAYSIA MALAYSIA 3 8% (2009) 3.8% (2009) SINGAPORE N/A BRUNEI BRUNEI N/A N/A GREECE 44.0% (2013) EU 16.4% (2010) Source: cia.gov
NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY END OF THE COLD WAR END OF THE COLD WAR marked a monumental shift in the thinking of security in the thinking of security. PEOPLE and INDIVIDUALS as new referents of SECURITY
NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY HUMAN SECURITY ( UN Human Development Report , 1994) - “freedom from fear and freedom from want” - freedom from fear and freedom from want - “safety from chronic threats” y - “protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life” tt f d il lif ”
NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY HUMAN SECURITY ( Human Security Now 2003 , UN Commission on Human Security) - “ - …to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment.” - “Security of people — their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their dignity and worth as human beings, and the protection di it d th h b i d th t ti of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.”
NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR’94) HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR 94) - Economic Security - Food Security Food Security - Health Security - Environmental Security - Personal Security Personal Security - Community Security - Political Security
NON –TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY CHALLENGES SECURITY CHALLENGES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
TERRORISM TERRORISM � Sow fear to achieve objectives � Disregards innocent human life � Kidnapping, Kid i bombings, hijackings and h hostage-taking t t ki � International network network (ASG hostages, 2014) � Weapons of Mass Destruction
PIRACY PIRACY � Attack and robbery at sea t � Endangers trade, tourism and transportation which are dependent on vital sea lines of communication � Can fund terrorism � Can fund terrorism � Can imperil global economy
HUMAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING � Perpetrated by persons normally associated with international syndicates. � Can escape weak and passive legal checks passive legal checks and bureaucratic loopholes loopholes � Can give rise to illegal migration migration
NATURAL DISASTERS � Effects comparable to � Effects comparable to war devastation � Relief efforts and disaster management (ST Haiyan; Ph; 2013) are difficult responsibilities that responsibilities that push the military and civilian authorities to civilian authorities to their limits.
PANDEMICS E d Endanger the most unprotected and th t t t d d vulnerable sectors of the society vulnerable sectors of the society (Avian Flu; Vietnam; 2005)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES (Haze; Malaysia; 2015) (Haze; Malaysia; 2015) � Haze a e � Overfishing � Global Warming (Drought; Thailand; 2014) (Overfishing; Indonesia; 2009)
COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards BRUNEI Seasonal haze from Indonesia CAMBODIA Illegal logging; soil erosion; declining biodiversity and fish stocks; overfishing INDONESIA Deforestation; water pollution; haze LAOS Unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion deforestation; soil erosion MALAYSIA Air pollution caused by industrial and vehicular industrial and vehicular emissions; deforestation; water pollution from raw p sewage; haze from Indonesia (Source: cia.gov)
COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards Environmental Hazards Deforestation; industrial MYANMAR pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation t i d t it ti and water treatment Deforestation; soil erosion; air Deforestation; soil erosion; air PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES and water pollution in major urban centers; coral reef degradation; pollution of d d ti ll ti f coastal mangrove swamps Industrial pollution; limited Industrial pollution; limited SINGAPORE SINGAPORE natural freshwater resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal t t di l problems; seasonal haze from Indonesia (Source: cia.gov)
COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards Environmental Hazards THAILAND Air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution emissions; water pollution from organized and factory wastes; deforestation; soil ; ; erosion; illegal hunting VIETNAM Deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing; groundwater contamination; degrading t i ti d di environment due to urban industrialization industrialization GREECE Air and water pollution (Source: cia.gov)
COUNTRY Internal armed conflict BRUNEI none CAMBODIA none INDONESIA Armed resistance in Papua (Free Papua Movement) LAOS none MALAYSIA none MYANMAR Ethnic armed groups g p (KIO, NMSP, SSPP/SSA, KNU, KNPP, CNA, LDU, ANC PNLO TNLA WNO ANC, PNLO, TNLA, WNO, MNDAA) (Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)
COUNTRY Internal armed conflict PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES C Communist insurgency i t i (CPP-NPA-NDF; RJs) S Separatism ti in southern Philippines (MNLF; MILF; BIFF) (MNLF; MILF; BIFF) Local Terrorist Group: ASG SINGAPORE SINGAPORE none none THAILAND Ethno-nationalist insurgency along the Thai Malaysian border the Thai-Malaysian border (Patani-Malay National Revolutionary Front) at o a e o ut o a y o t) VIETNAM none GREECE GREECE none none (Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)
COUNTRY Specific Pandemic recently experienced tl i d (2009) BRUNEI BRUNEI CAMBODIA INDONESIA INDONESIA LAOS MALAYSIA AH1N1 Flu Pandemic MYANMAR PHILIPPINES SINGAPORE THAILAND VIETNAM (Source: unaids.org)
COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS BRUNEI Terrorism/sabotage, transnational crimes CAMBODIA Human trafficking INDONESIA Illegal and unregulated fishing; piracy and g g g y robbery; human trafficking; LAOS n/a MALAYSIA Piracy; illegal immigrants; human trafficking; kidnapping and terrorism; MYANMAR Human trafficking; PHILIPPINES Human and drug trafficking; piracy; illegal fishing kidnapping/terrorism; smuggling; poaching SINGAPORE Piracy and armed robbery THAILAND Human trafficking; drug trafficking; terrorism; piracy VIETNAM Illegal fishing Sources: cia.gov; aseanregionalforum.asean.org; apcss.org
COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS GREECE Drug trafficking; smuggling EU Piracy and armed robbery; illegal fishing; y y; g g; human trafficking; smuggling of migrants; arms trafficking and narcotics; terrorism
POLICY O C CONSIDERATIONS LAND/ MARITIME/ AIR BORDERS - porous; “borderless” (e.g. haze; disease) - facilitate movement of “unwanted elements” - jurisdiction issues between and among states
POLICY O C CONSIDERATIONS STATE CAPACITY - Governments, the business sector, and civil , , society, are the lead actors. - Software (policy and legal frameworks) “Software” (policy and legal frameworks) - “Hardware” (physical capabilities) - Regional and global linkages
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