Human Geography Social Studies 11
What is Human Geography? Human geography : - The interaction, activity and impact of human populations on the land environment - Sometimes referred to as cultural geography because different cultures interact and impact the environment in different ways and to different degrees.
Collecting Information • A census is a way of collecting information about people by making citizens answer questions on a questionnaire • In Canada, the federal government completes a major national census once every ten years to put together information on the population • Once every five years, the government gives a smaller census to gather information on the population
What is Demography? Demography: is the study of population. Demography: Studies population density, population distribution, dependency ratio, population pyramids, demographic transition models, and population projections. (More on this shortly)
World Population The current population of the world is … 6,771,396,918 and counting!! The population of the world is growing very, very fast It is estimated that by 2050, the Earth’s human population will be 9.2 billion people!!!
World Population Distribution
World Population by Continent
World Population Projected Growth (1950-2050)
Human Population Growth
Top Five Populated Countries? (based upon 2007 statistics) 1. China 1.32 billion people 2. India 1.13 billion people 3. United States 302 million people 4. Indonesia 232 million people 5. Brasil 189 million people
Canada’s Population Canada’s population is approximately 33,710,000 people According to Statistics Canada, Canada’s population is growing by one more person every 1 minute and 27 seconds Conversely, someone dies in Canada once every 2 minutes and 13 seconds There is a net migration gain (people move to a new place in Canada) of an additional person every 2 minutes and 1 second.
Population distribution • Population distribution is the pattern and concentration of human population throughout the world • World population distribution is uneven. • Some places are sparsely populated and contain few people. • Places which are densely populated contain many people. • Places which are densely populated are habitable environments.
What is population density? • Population density: measures the number of people in an area. • Population density: is usually shown as the number of people per square kilometer. Population density = total area population divided by the land area in square miles (or square kilometers)
Dependency ratio • Dependency Ratio is the ratio of the combined child population aged 0 to 19 and population aged 65 and over to the population 20 to 64 years old. • This equals the number of dependents for every 100 people in the working age population. In a population - who works and pays taxes? Who uses the services that taxes pay for?
Birth and Death rates ▪ Birth rate: the average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 population at midyear. ▪ This is also referred to as the crude birth rate. ▪ The death rate is defined as the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear. Also known as the crude death rate.
Natural Increase Rate of natural increase: Difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate, usually expressed as a percent This rate indicates the population growth for a given country in a given year This figure does not take into account the factors of immigration and emigration
Key Indicators of Human Development
Life Expectancy Rates ➢ Life expectancy is the average age a person can expect to live to in a particular area. ➢ As a general rule the higher the life expectancy the more healthy (or developed) a country is.
World Life Expectancy Rates
Fertility Rates Total fertility rate: Describes the total number of children the average women in a population is likely to have in her life. The number ranges from 7+ children per woman in developing countries in Africa to around 1 child per woman in Eastern European and highly-developed Asian countries.
Literacy rates • Literacy rate is the percentage of people in a given country that can read and write • The literacy rate is one of the indicators that the United Nations uses to tabulate the Human Development Index (HDI)
World Literacy Rates
Quality of Life Quality of Life is a term used to measure well-being. Indicators are used to represent the most important aspects of a person’s life (called domains), which include: housing, education, employment and household finances. • Social Environment • Economic Environment • Physical Environment.
Human Development Index ▪ The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index promoted by the United Nations and used to rank countries by the level of "human development”, as a: developed country, developing country, or underdeveloped country. ▪ The human development index is calculated using three basic indicators: life expectancy, adult literacy rate, and the gross domestic product (GDP)
World Religions
Demographic Transition Model • The Demographic Transition Model is a graph that attempts to show how population changes as a country develops. • The model is divided into four or five stages. • These stages are as follows: ➢ Stage #1: Pre-Modern ➢ Stage #2: Urbanization/Industrialization ➢ Stage #3: Mature/Industrial ➢ Stage #4: Post Industrial ➢ Stage #5: Deindustrialization
Demographic Transition Model
Stage #1: Pre-Modern • The pre-modern stage indicates a balance between birth rates and death rates • There is small population growth • Life expectancy is very low
Stage #2: Urbanization & Industrialization • This stage sees the rise in population caused by the decline in the death rate while the birth rate remains high, or perhaps rises slightly • There is a rapid increase in population numbers due to improved medical and scientific advances to sustain and improve life
Stage #3: Mature/Industrializing • This stage is where the population moves towards stability through a decline in the birth rate • There are improved living standards
Stage #4: Post Industrial • The post industrial stage is characterized by stability • In this stage, the population age structure has become older • There are low birth rates and death rates
Stage #5: Deindustrialization • Birth rates drop below death rates
Responses to Population Growth Some responses to population growth include: – Advances in technology – Family Planning and controlling population growth rate – Increased resource base – Improved literacy rates – Opportunities for women
Standard of Living • The standard of living is a measure of economic welfare. • It generally refers to the availability of scarce goods and services, usually measured by per capita income or per capita consumption, calculated in constant dollars, to satisfy wants rather than needs. • Because the well-being that living standards are supposed to measure is an individual matter, per capita availability of goods and services in a country is a measure of general welfare only if the goods and services are distributed fairly evenly among people.
Gross Domestic Product • GDP per capita is a commonly used measure of the standard of living but not necessarily an accurate one because… • it does not distinguish between consumer and capital goods • it does not take income distribution into account • it does not take account of differences in the economic goods and services that are not measured in GDP at all • it is subject to the vagaries of translating income measures into a common currency
Canada’s Standard of Living
First Nations Standard of Living- A Reality Check ⌖ First Nations living conditions or quality of life ranks 63rd, or amongst Third World conditions, according to an Indian and Northern Affairs Canada study that applied First Nations-specific statistics to the Human Development Index created by the United Nations. ⌖ Canada dropped from first to eighth as the best country in the world to live primarily due to housing and health conditions in First Nations communities. ⌖ The First Nations’ infant mortality rate is 1.5 times higher than the Canadian infant mortality rate
Global Poverty
Cycle of Poverty
Poverty Cycle
Global Poverty
Causes of Global Poverty • Armed conflicts and wars disrupt attempts at providing countries in need with aid • Natural disasters destroy communities and usually followed by the spread of disease in their aftermath. Eg: Indonesian Tidal wave in 2004 • Natural disasters limit resources and disrupt the construction of adequate housing, infastructure, and mechanisms • Lack of education leads to unemployment and support of family units • Lack of employment leads to income inequalities and too few jobs for low income groups
Recommend
More recommend
