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A critjcal look on rice husk gasifjcatjon in Cambodia: engineering and sustainability Nguyen Hong Nam Seminar on Energy, Environment & Sustainable Development Hanoi, February 2, 2015

Clean energy technologies and Sustainable development laboratory (CleanED) Director Dr. Minh Ha-Duong, CNRS Co-director Dr. Laurent Van de Steene, CIRAD Researcher Dr. Nguyen Dinh Quang, Director of RE Department, USTH PhD student Msc. Nguyen Trinh Hoang Anh, USTH PhD student Msc. Nguyen Hong Nam, USTH Executjve secretary Msc. Tran Hoang Anh, Paris 7 Researcher Dr. Nguyen Xuan Truong, USTH PhD student Msc. Pham Duy An, USTH Lab technician Msc. Pham Xuan Huynh, IES 2

A critjcal look on rice husk gasifjcatjon in Cambodia: engineering and sustainability Nguyen Hong Nam PhD student at CleanED, USTH USTH Seminar on Energy, Environment & Sustainable Development February 2, 2015 3

A critjcal look on rice husk gasifjcatjon in Cambodia: engineering and sustainability Gasifjcatjon, an appropriate technology Gasifjcatjon, an appropriate technology for Cambodia ? for Cambodia ? Rice milling sector overview Rice milling sector overview Lessons learned Lessons learned Summary and concluding remarks Summary and concluding remarks 4

Rice husk Gasification technology Rice husk Syngas (H2+CO) 5

dual fuel or 100% gas Engine + generator filters Gasifier 6

Technical potentjal of rice husk power 4-6 kg rice husk ≈ 1 liter diesel ≈ 3 kWh* 900 GWh 1.5 Million tons (30% of 300 Million liters diesel = = rice husk/year electricity demand**) *Source: Baseline study waste to energy for the rice milling sector in Cambodia, SNV Netherlands Development Organizatjon, 2012 ** Electricity consumptjon in 2014 = 3 000 GWh, Independent Statjstjc and analysis IEA)

Rice growing areas in Cambodia

Electricity tarifg from diesel based generatjon: $0.75 - $1/kWh Source: Cambodia Consultjng Development 9 Engineering (CCDE), 2014

Rice husk gasifjcatjon, an appropriate technology for Cambodia ? • Appropriate technology: “small-scale, decentralized, labor-intensive, energy- effjcient, environmentally sound, and locally controlled” ( Hazeltine, B.; Bull, C.,1999).

A critjcal look on rice husk gasifjcatjon in Cambodia: engineering and sustainability Gasifjcatjon, an appropriate Gasifjcatjon, an appropriate technology for Cambodia ? technology for Cambodia ? Rice milling sector overview Rice milling sector overview Lessons learned Lessons learned Summary and concluding remarks Summary and concluding remarks 11

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405 rice mills in Cambodia • 362 in operatjon • 33 are connected to the grid • 54 have a rice husk gasifjer Source : Federatjon of Cambodian Rice Millers Associatjon (FCRMA) survey, 2014 13

54 rice mills with gasifjers Sources of Electricity supply to operate rice mill 9% 7% Grid Own machine + grid Own machine 83% 14

54 rice mills with gasifjers Rice mills with RHG by milling capacity 25 21 20 17 15 10 8 5 3 2 1 1 1 0 0 15

A critjcal look on rice husk gasifjcatjon in Cambodia: engineering and sustainability Gasifjcatjon, an appropriate Gasifjcatjon, an appropriate technology for Cambodia ? technology for Cambodia ? Data collectjon Data collectjon Lessons learned Lessons learned Summary and concluding remarks Summary and concluding remarks 16

1. Gasifjcatjon technology works in Cambodia 17

Dual fuel gas-diesel at Golden 100% gas engine at HAK SE Daun Keo rice mill, Battambang, Plant, Kompong Cham, Cambodia, 2014-12-20 Cambodia, 2014-12-21 18

2. Pollutjon is a problem 19

Solid and liquid wastes from gasifjcatjon system at Yam Chan rice mill, Batuambang province, Cambodia, 2014 - 12 – 20 Wastes from the gasifjcatjon system at rice mill- Deum Pou village, Cambodia, 2014- Liquid waste from the gasifjcatjon system- 20 12-19 Deum Pou village, Cambodia. 2014-12-19

Rice husk as from gasifjed rice husk. UNIDO rural electricity pilot, KH. 2014-12-20 Rice husk ash from gasifjcatjon system at Rice husk ash from the gasifjcatjon system- Yam Chan rice mill, Batuambang province, Deum Pou village, Cambodia. 2014-12-19 Cambodia, 2014 - 12 – 20 21

3. There is no enforced standard from the government 22

A network or map of actors

4. Technology has been transfered in 2 ways: formally and informally 24

600kW gasifjer, local manufacturer at Yam 600kW Gasifjer at Golden Daun Keo rice mill, Chan rice mill, Batuambang province, Batuambang, Cambodia, KH. 2014-12-20 Cambodia, KH. 2014 - 12 – 20 25

5. Correlatjon between technology - environmental quality control and management 26

Profitability objective Technology choice Pollution level Black water pond - rice mill at Deum Cleaning water system - UNIDO Project in Pou village, Cambodia. 2014-12-19 Siem Siep Province, Cambodia. 2014-12-20

6. Rice husk is now a commodity 28

Rice husk truck for Thailand. Baitang trading mill, Cambodia, 2014- 12-20 29

7. Key factors for operatjng/installing a gasifjer 30

• Key factors: - Price of husk - Price of diesel fuel - Price of available electricity network • Other factor: load factor of rice mill. • Price of ash and environmental constraints are less important. 31

Periodization of the economic power supply source A graph here

8. The sector is concentratjng 33

Baitang PLC , Battambang province, Cambodia Yam Chan rice mill, Battambang province, Rice mill at Deum Pou village, Cambodia, 2014 - 12 – 20 Cambodia, 2014-12-19

A critjcal look on rice husk gasifjcatjon in Cambodia: engineering and sustainability Gasifjcatjon, an appropriate Gasifjcatjon, an appropriate technology for Cambodia ? technology for Cambodia ? Data collectjon Data collectjon Lessons learned Lessons learned Summary and concluding remarks Summary and concluding remarks 35

3 key messages to remember • Rice husk gasifjcatjon technology works in Cambodia and contribute to the development of the agricultural sector. • Rice husk was before a waste from rice mills, is now becoming commodity. • Pollutjon from gasifjcatjon installatjons is a problem and need to be treated in an appropriate way. Minh Ha-Duong, Hong Nam Nguyen. Rice husk gasification for electricity generation in Cambodia in December 2014. [Research Report] Université de Sciences et Technologies de Hanoi. 2014. <hal-01107615>

“Has gasifjer” positjvely associated with “ Is connected to the grid”? Operatjng rice mills in Cambodia On-grid Ofg-grid Row totals Rice husk gasifjer 9 44 53 Does not have rice 24 276 300 husk gasifjer Column totals 33 320 353 “Independence test”:

Gasifjcatjon may not remain an appropriate technology in Cambodia. Small-scale Yes Decentralized Yes Labor-intensive Yes compared to a power plant Energy-effjcient >steam engine, <steam turbine Environmentally sound No Locally controlled To some extend

Biomass potentjal in Vietnam Source: VTT Technology Research Center of Finland (2010)

Prospect for rice husk to energy in Vietnam Small scale rice husk gasifjer stove developed by SNV in Rice husk Co-fjring Vietnam

Thank you for your attention! 42