Nature Lovers View Of A Tree Trees leaves branches root Linear - PDF document

Nature Lover’s View Of A Tree Trees leaves branches root Linear Lists And Trees Computer Scientist’s View • Linear lists are useful for serially ordered data. � (e 0 , e 1 , e 2 , …, e n-1 ) root leaves � Days of week. � Months in a year. � Students in this class. • Trees are useful for hierarchically ordered data. branches � Employees of a corporation. • President, vice presidents, managers, and so on. � Java’s classes. nodes • Object is at the top of the hierarchy. • Subclasses of Object are next, and so on.

Java’s Classes (Part Of Figure 1.1) Hierarchical Data And Trees Object root • The element at the top of the hierarchy is the children of root root. OutputStream Number Throwable • Elements next in the hierarchy are the children of the root. • Elements next in the hierarchy are the FileOutputStream Integer Double Exception grandchildren of the root, and so on. grand children of root • Elements that have no children are leaves. RuntimeException great grand child of root Subtrees Definition Object root • A tree t is a finite nonempty set of elements. OutputStream Number Throwable • One of these elements is called the root. • The remaining elements, if any, are partitioned into trees, which are called the subtrees of t. FileOutputStream Integer Double Exception RuntimeException

Leaves Parent, Grandparent, Siblings, Ancestors, Descendants Object Object OutputStream OutputStream Number Throwable Number Throwable FileOutputStream FileOutputStream Integer Double Exception Integer Double Exception RuntimeException RuntimeException Levels Caution Object Level 1 Level 2 • Some texts start level numbers at 0 rather than OutputStream at 1. Number Throwable • Root is at level 0. • Its children are at level 1. • The grand children of the root are at level 2. FileOutputStream Integer Double Exception Level 3 • And so on. • We shall number levels with the root at level 1. RuntimeException Level 4

height = depth = number of levels Node Degree = Number Of Children 3 Object Object Level 1 Level 2 OutputStream 2 1 1 Number Throwable OutputStream Number Throwable 0 0 1 0 FileOutputStream Integer Double Exception FileOutputStream Integer Double Exception Level 3 0 RuntimeException RuntimeException Level 4 Tree Degree = Max Node Degree Binary Tree 3 Object • Finite (possibly empty) collection of elements. OutputStream 2 1 1 Number Throwable • A nonempty binary tree has a root element. • The remaining elements (if any) are partitioned 0 0 1 0 into two binary trees. FileOutputStream Integer Double Exception • These are called the left and right subtrees of the binary tree. 0 RuntimeException Degree of tree = 3.

Differences Between A Tree & A Binary Tree Differences Between A Tree & A Binary Tree • No node in a binary tree may have a degree • The subtrees of a binary tree are ordered; more than 2, whereas there is no limit on those of a tree are not ordered. the degree of a node in a tree. a a • A binary tree may be empty; a tree cannot be empty. b b • Are different when viewed as binary trees. • Are the same when viewed as trees. Arithmetic Expressions Operator Degree • Number of operands that the operator requires. • (a + b) * (c + d) + e – f/g*h + 3.25 • Binary operator requires two operands. • Expressions comprise three kinds of entities. � a + b � Operators (+, -, /, *). � c / d � Operands (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, 3.25, (a + b), (c + d), � e - f etc.). • Unary operator requires one operand. � Delimiters ((, )). � + g � - h

Infix Form Operator Priorities • How do you figure out the operands of an • Normal way to write an expression. operator? • Binary operators come in between their left and � a + b * c right operands. � a * b + c / d � a * b • This is done by assigning operator priorities. � a + b * c � priority(*) = priority(/) > priority(+) = priority(-) � a * b / c • When an operand lies between two operators, � (a + b) * (c + d) + e – f/g*h + 3.25 the operand associates with the operator that has higher priority. Delimiters Tie Breaker • When an operand lies between two operators • Subexpression within delimiters is treated that have the same priority, the operand as a single operand, independent from the associates with the operator on the left. remainder of the expression. � a + b - c � (a + b) * (c – d) / (e – f) � a * b / c / d

Infix Expression Is Hard To Parse Postfix Form • The postfix form of a variable or constant is • Need operator priorities, tie breaker, and the same as its infix form. delimiters. � a, b, 3.25 • This makes computer evaluation more • The relative order of operands is the same difficult than is necessary. in infix and postfix forms. • Postfix and prefix expression forms do not • Operators come immediately after the rely on operator priorities, a tie breaker, or postfix form of their operands. delimiters. � Infix = a + b • So it is easier for a computer to evaluate � Postfix = ab+ expressions that are in these forms. Postfix Examples Unary Operators • Infix = a + b * c � Postfix = a b c * + • Replace with new symbols. � + a => a @ • Infix = a * b + c � + a + b => a @ b + � Postfix = a b * c + � - a => a ? � - a-b => a ? b - • Infix = (a + b) * (c – d) / (e + f) � Postfix = a b + c d - * e f + /

Postfix Evaluation Postfix Evaluation • Scan postfix expression from left to right • (a + b) * (c – d) / (e + f) pushing operands on to a stack. • a b + c d - * e f + / • When an operator is encountered, pop as • a b + c d - * e f + / many operands as this operator needs; evaluate the operator; push the result on to • a b + c d - * e f + / the stack. • a b + c d - * e f + / • This works because, in postfix, operators b come immediately after their operands. a stack Postfix Evaluation Postfix Evaluation • (a + b) * (c – d) / (e + f) • (a + b) * (c – d) / (e + f) • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / d • a b + c d - * e f + / c (c – d) • a b + c d - * e f + / (a + b) (a + b) • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / stack stack

Postfix Evaluation Postfix Evaluation • (a + b) * (c – d) / (e + f) • (a + b) * (c – d) / (e + f) • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / f e (e + f) • a b + c d - * e f + / • a b + c d - * e f + / (a + b)*(c – d) • a b + c d - * e f + / (a + b)*(c – d) stack stack Prefix Form Binary Tree Form • The prefix form of a variable or constant is + the same as its infix form. • a + b � a, b, 3.25 a b • The relative order of operands is the same in infix and prefix forms. - • - a • Operators come immediately before the prefix form of their operands. a � Infix = a + b � Postfix = ab+ � Prefix = +ab

Binary Tree Form Merits Of Binary Tree Form • Left and right operands are easy to visualize. • (a + b) * (c – d) / (e + f) • Code optimization algorithms work with the / / binary tree form of an expression. • Simple recursive evaluation of expression. * + / e f + - * + a b c d e f + - a b c d