Natural Gas DRA Drag Reducing Agent for Natural Gas Pipeline - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Natural Gas DRA Drag Reducing Agent for Natural Gas Pipeline Transportation Themark Corporation

Competition Worldwide Country Available Lab Sample Commercialized? USA Yes No UK Yes No Russia No No Japan No No Norway No No Germany No No France No No Themark Corp Yes Yes Themark Corporation

Our Advantage Item Themark Corp USA/UK Mechanism Roughness and resilience of Resilience of pipeline wall internal pipeline wall Molecules Corrosion inhibitor analogue Proprietary all-new molecule Injection Method No downtime - online spray, no interrupt Pipeline precleaning or shutdown is needed for DRA coating for transportation Post-treatment Hard to treat （ 1-10mm ） No maintence （ 20µ ） Environmental Impact Environmentally friendly, light smell Smelly and toxic chemicals Efficiency and Duration 0.15 14~15% (In-house) Performance stablizes within 1 month Performance stablzes within 2 months 8% improvement remains at day 90 No performance remains at day 90 Efficiency and Duration No commercial samples >10% within 2 months (Field) 6% at day 90 Applicable Temperature -50 -150ºC 10 - 70ºC Themark Corporation

Compact Injection System Themark Corporation

DRA Molecule Filming Mechanism Themark Corporation

Dose Calculation Quantity = 2 × π × r × L × d × ζ r = Pipeline radius r=0. 3m L = pipeline length L= 100,000m d = film thickness d=2×10 -5 m ζ = Times of injection ζ = 5 Example: Q = 2×3.14×0.3×100,000×(2×10 -5 ) ×5 = 18.84m 3 Themark Corporation

Coverage Distance Flow Rate (m/s) Diameter (mm) Distance Coverage (km) 100 2 300 90 2 600 80 2 900 120 3 300 110 3 600 100 3 900 150 5 300 130 5 600 110 5 900 200 8 300 180 8 600 900 160 8 Themark Corporation

Technical Data Sheet Density 1.10~1.12g/mL Viscosity 1mPa·s Applicable Temp -50 ° C~100 ° C Toxicity Nontoxic; Environmentally Friendly Breakdown 400ºC Acidity Neutral Odor Nearly Odorless Color Yellow Liquid Themark Corporation

Effect on Pipeline Operation No corrosion on pipeline wall 1. Weight loss after treatment ω =(W 0 -W)/(S×D) 0.00 m/d Themark Corporation

Effect on Pipeline Operation No corrosion on pipeline wall 2. Electro-chemical result: No corrosion Themark Corporation

Effect on Pipeline Operation No detrimental effect on natural gas quality The nonvolatility of the DRA prevents it from entering the natural gas. Its small-molecule hydrocarbon solvent is combustible (combusted product is the same to that of natural gas). No side effect for the natural gas quality. Themark Corporation

Effect on Pipeline Operation No side effect to natural gas compressor Soaking the whole compressor into DRA solutions for 90 days leads to no change in all aspects, e.g. shape, me- chanical strength, resilience etc. Residual DRA (1.3×10 -10 of the natural gas) can be readily separated and has no effect on the compressor. Themark Corporation

Effect on Pipeline Operation No effects on internal wall of pipeline Soaking the filmed pipeline coupons into the DRA solution leads to no change in coupon weight, color, resilience and mechanical strength. Themark Corporation

Effect on Pipeline Operation Third-party Toxicity Study The DRA is nontoxic and nonvolatile. It does not enter the natural gas, and leads no side effects on the natural gas. Themark Corporation

Effect on Pipeline Operation No effects on post-transport treatment Methyldiethanolamine diethanolamine: H 2 O Before After 40: 5: 55 (Carbon and sulphur removing agent) Adding DRA into to carbon and sulphur removing solution Themark Corporation leads no change.

Effect on Pipeline Operation No effects on post-transport treatment Before After Triglycol (dehydrating agent) Adding DRA to natural gas dehydrating agent leads no change Themark Corporation to the dehydrating agent.

Field Test No detrimental effects of DRA were found for transpiration, storage, post-treatment and refinery. Themark Corporation

Field Test Design Air Flow Normal Process Injector Pigging Process Ball Valve High Pressure Hose Connected to Injection Site Processing On-site with Specifications of Flange Air Flow Nozzle Themark Corporation

Field Test Friction Resistance Average friction resis- tance reduced by 19.5% . Increased transportation capacity: 11.5% . Themark Corporation

Long-Distance Field Test Themark Corporation

Simple Application Assembly of Injector Themark Corporation

Long-Distance Field Test Field Results FRR:10% FRR:11% FRR:10% FRR:15% FRR: Friction Resistance Reduction Themark Corporation

Long-Distance Field Test Using an existing water-injector for DRA application (July to Oct 2011) Themark Corporation

Long-Distance Field Test Field Results Pipeline No. Distance (km) Friction Reduction Duration 1 18.1 15.6% 75 days 2 18.95 10.2% 75 days 3 54.25 15.1% 75 days 4 13.65 5.0% 75 days 5 18.05 4.1% 75 days Yes Themark Corporation

Thank You Themark Corporation