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NATURAL CEMENT DISTRIBUTION LTD. NATURAL CEMENT DISTRIBUTION LTD. TECHNICAL PRESENTATION ON NATURAL CEMENT & HOW IT CAN BENEFIT THE WATER INDUSTRY PRESENTED BY PHIL RICHARDSON

MORTAR CHARACTERISTICS STRENGTHS In accordance with AFNOR Standard EN 196-1, using a standardised mix: Cement/sand ratio = 1/2 (Sand complying with AFNOR Standard); Water/cement ratio = 0.40 Typical average values in Mpa Time periods Compressive strength Flexible strength 15 mins 5 1 1 h 7 1.5 3 h 9 2 1 day 16 3 7 days 27 3.5 28 days 51 6 91 70 7 6 months 75 8 1 year 83 9 Steady increase in Compressive strength over 1 year and thereafter.

Histograms of resistance to Sulphuric Acid (ph=4) ³ ³

RESISTANCE TO SEAWATER AND SULPHATED WATER In accordance with NF P 18 837 Standard (special products intended for hydraulic binder-based concrete work) (C.E.B.T.P. Test No. 31114.6.883) Mix designation Age Expansion in µ Fresh water Seawater Sulphuric water 7 days 13 17 13 NATCEM + 0.3% citric acid 28 days 13 37 30 1/2 mortar, w/c = 0.40 3 months 40 120 70 6 months 40 133 70 7 days 17 73 23 O.P.C. CEM 1 52.5 28 days 23 227 83 1/3 mortar, w/c = 0.33 3 months 97 1147 235 6 months 97 2047 360 According to the NF P 18 821 Standard covering standard guaranteed properties for special products intended for hydraulic binder-based concrete work :« After six months immersed in fresh water, the elongation of test specimens shall be less than or equal to 400 µ. After six months immersed in either seawater or sulphated water, the elongation of test specimens shall be less than or equal to 600 µ. »

WATER PERMEABILITY TEST OF WATER PERMEABILITY TEST OF NATURAL CEMENT MORTAR NATURAL CEMENT MORTAR

% CHANGE IN WEIGHT % CHANGE IN WEIGHT WHEN SUBMERSED IN SULPHURIC ACID pH4 WHEN SUBMERSED IN SULPHURIC ACID pH4

RESISTANCE TO SEA WATER RESISTANCE TO SEA WATER ( Expansion in µ µ ) ) ( Expansion in 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 7 DAYS 28 DAYS 3 MONTHS 6 MONTHS O.P.C CEM I 52.5 NATCEM

CARBON DIOXIDE PENETRATION CARBON DIOXIDE PENETRATION 14 12 10 CARBONATION DEPTH OF 8 6 4 2 0 1 DAY 3 7 10 21 28 36 60 DAYS DAYS DAYS DAYS DAYS DAYS DAYS AGE (DAYS) NATCEM CEM II b 32.5

CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NATCEM 35, CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NATCEM 35, PMC1 PMC1 AND THE CONTROL CONCRETE AND THE CONTROL CONCRETE 40 35 Corrosion current (mAmp) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 Time (days) PMC 1 Control NATCEM 35

BRE TEST SOLUTIONS BRE TEST SOLUTIONS Contaminate SOL A SOL B SOL C SOL D SOL E SOL F pH 7.8 2.5 8.0 7.8 7.0 2.5 Sulfate 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 4200 Sulfide 34 34 - - Chloride - - 218 24 Arsenic 5 5 65 1 Cadmium - - - 0.8 Chromium 23 23 39 41 Cobalt - - - 11 Copper 26.5 26.5 180 103 Lead 91 91 530 130 Manganese 355 355 - 730 Mercury - - 2 0.1 Nickel 23.5 23.5 28 43 Vanadium - - - 47 Zinc 65 65 351 175 Phenol 1 1 3.5 - Toluene 100 100 100 100 Sol G = water control, all contaminants in mg/l

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 100 MM CUBES OF NATURAL CEMENT CONCRETE AFTER IMMERSION IN SOLUTIONS A-G FOR 1 YEAR & 3 YEARS 100 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 90 80 70 28 DAYS 60 1 YEAR 50 3 YEARS 40 30 20 10 0 A B C D E F G (WATER) SOLUTIONS

MASS OF 100 MM CUBES OF NATURAL CEMENT (NC) CONCRETE MASS OF 100 MM CUBES OF NATURAL CEMENT (NC) CONCRETE IMMERSED IN SOLUTIONS A- -G FOR 1 YEAR G FOR 1 YEAR IMMERSED IN SOLUTIONS A Cube identity Initial mass/g Final Mass/g Mass Mass change Solution Change/g /%N identity NC-9 2342.5 2351.8 +9.3 +0.40 A NC-10 2354.3 2365.1 +10.8 +0.46 A NC-11 2347.0 2356.9 +9.9 +0.42 A NC-20 2376.2 2388.2 +12.0 +0.51 B NC-21 2351.6 2363.5 +11.9 +0.51 B NC-22 2354.2 2367.0 +12.8 +0.54 B NC-31 2360.1 2368.7 +8.6 +0.36 C NC-32 2361.8 2372.3 +10.5 +0.44 C NC-33 2426.9 2437.8 +10.9 +0.45 C NC-42 2351.7 2359.1 +7.4 +0.31 D NC-43 2353.4 2362.1 +8.7 +0.37 D NC-44 2357.1 2365.4 +8.3 +0.35 D NC-53 2344.8 2352.4 +7.6 +0.32 E NC-54 2361.0 2368.5 +7.5 +0.32 E NC-55 2350.6 2658.2 +7.6 +0.32 E NC-64 2367.4 2375.3 +7.9 +0.33 F NC-65 2327.8 2336.9 +9.1 +0.39 F NC-66 2380.3 2390.9 +10.6 +0.45 F NC-76 2327.7 2334.3 +6.6 +0.28 G NC-77 2365.9 2372.3 +6.4 +0.27 G NC-78 2327.4 2335.0 +7.6 +0.33 G

MASS OF 100 MM CUBES OF NATURAL CEMENT (NC) CONCRETE MASS OF 100 MM CUBES OF NATURAL CEMENT (NC) CONCRETE IMMERSED IN SOLUTIONS A- -G FOR 3 YEARS G FOR 3 YEARS IMMERSED IN SOLUTIONS A Cube Initial mass/g Final Mass/g Mass Change/g Mass change Solution identity /%N identity NC-1 2342.8 2356.6 +13.8 +0.59 A NC-2 2351.4 2366.6 +15.2 +0.65 A NC-3 2344.6 2358.2 +13.6 +0.58 A NC-12 2364.7 2385.2 +20.5 +0.87 B NC-13 2335.1 2357.9 +22.8 +0.98 B NC-14 2357.7 2378.7 +21.0 +0.89 B NC-23 2332.2 2350.4 +18.20 +0.78 C NC-24 2332.9 2350.6 +17.7 +0.76 C NC-25 2360.2 2377.3 +17.1 +0.72 C NC-34 2354.4 2368.1 +13.7 +0.58 D NC-35 2372.3 2384.9 +12.6 +0.53 D NC-36 2324.9 2338.1 +13.2 +0.57 D NC-45 2330.7 2342.2 +11.5 +0.49 E NC-46 2321.2 2334.6 +13.4 +0.58 E NC-47 2365.7 2378.6 +12.9 +0.55 E NC-56 2356.0 2373.5 +17.5 +0.74 F NC-57 2322.6 2341.0 +18.4 +0.79 F NC-58 2353.3 2370.0 +16.7 +0.71 F NC-67 2390.8 2401.9 +11.1 +0.46 G NC-68 2332.9 2343.5 +10.6 +0.45 G NC-69 2356.2 2366.4 +10.2 +0.43 G

CONCRETE REPAIRS VERTICAL COST COMPARISON BETWEEN NATCEM 35 AND FOSROC SYSTEM FOSROC CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEM BASED ON JANUARY 1998 PRICES. Based on a 10 mm thick repair Cost per Sq.m. PRIMER NITOBOND HAR £7.35 per litre 4 sq.m. per litre £ 1.84 REPAIR MATERIAL RENDEROC HB £2.06 per litre 10 litres per sq.m £ 20.60 CURING NITOBOND AR £7.62 per litre 8 sq.m. per litre £ 0.95 TOTAL COST OF MATERIAL £ 23.39 COST OF REPAIR 1 BAG OF NATCEM 35 NO PRIMER ONLY WATER WORKS IN WET AND COLD DOWN TO 0 ° C NO CURING AGENT REQUIRES. DWI CURING REQUIREMENT ½ HOUR ALLOWS EARLY FILLING OF RESERVOIRS, PIPES ETC.

LABOUR REQUIRED TO CARRY OUT CONCRETE REPAIR 3 PART SYSTEM NATCEM 35 SYSTEM PRIMER DAY 1 DAMPEN DAY 1 FIX FORMWORK CARRY OUT REPAIR DAY 2 DAY 1 APPLY CURING AGENT STRIP FORMWORK DAY 3 DAY 1 PAINT REPAIR ETC. DAY 10 DAY 1 REMOVE CONES OR SCAFFOLDING DAY 10 DAY 1 1 VISIT TO SITE LABOUR 4 VISITS TO SITE

A SELECTION OF CLIENTS, CONSULTANTS AND CONTRACTORS A SELECTION OF CLIENTS, CONSULTANTS AND CONTRACTORS WHO HAVE USED & APPROVED WHO HAVE USED & APPROVED NATURAL CEMENT PRODUCTS & SYSTEMS NATURAL CEMENT PRODUCTS & SYSTEMS LONDON UNDERGROUND LTD. AMEY PETER COX ABERDEENSHIRE COUNCIL KENWOOD PLC GATESHEAD COUNCIL TIMBERWISE EURO TUNNEL YORKSHIRE WATER ENGLISH HERITAGE EDMUND NUTTALL SEVERN TRENT WATER STONBURY LTD SIMPSON CIVIL ENG. MOWLEM BARCOL LTD S.E.S. LTD DONCASTER M.B.C DOVER HARBOUR BOARD GRANT RAIL VOLKERLASER NETWORK RAIL RYAN CONTRACTING ROYAL AIR FORCE H.M. PRISON SERVICE U.K. COAL WELSH WATER SKANSKA SIR ROBERT McALPINE AMCO V.A. CROOKES GLEESON BRITISH WATERWAYS EXPERTREAT LTD KIER AQUAREND

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION What conclusions can we reach What conclusions can we reach regarding regarding Natural Cement Distribution Natural Cement Distribution Products & Systems ? Products & Systems ?

NATURAL CEMENT NATURAL CEMENT PRODUCTS & SYSTEMS PRODUCTS & SYSTEMS � PROVEN PROVEN � � USER FRIENDLY USER FRIENDLY � � ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY � � WHERE TIME IS LIMITED WHERE TIME IS LIMITED � � DRINKING WATER APPROVAL DRINKING WATER APPROVAL � � ADVERSE CONDITIONS ADVERSE CONDITIONS � � CHEMICALLY RESISTANT CHEMICALLY RESISTANT � � PROVEN TIME & MONEY SAVER PROVEN TIME & MONEY SAVER � � APPROVED BY MAJOR COMPANIES AND APPROVED BY MAJOR COMPANIES AND � CONTRACTORS IN THE UK & AROUND THE WORLD CONTRACTORS IN THE UK & AROUND THE WORLD

NATURAL CEMENT DISTRIBUTION LTD. NATURAL CEMENT DISTRIBUTION LTD. WISH TO THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING THIS PRESENTATION