Nationalism Lecture 7: Unification and Separatist Nationalism Prof. Lars-Erik Cederman Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Center for Comparative and International Studies (CIS) Seilergraben 49, Room G.2 lcederman@ethz.ch http://www.icr.ethz.ch/teaching/nationalism Assistant: Kimberly Sims , CIS, Room E 3, k-sims@northwestern.edu
Nationalism’s Three Time- Zones in State-Framed Europe Nationalism Unification Nationalism French Separatist Revolution Nationalism
Unification nationalism Common state? No Yes State- Phase I: formation No Common nation? Nation- blocked Central & Southern formation Europe: -Germany -Italy Yes Phase II: State- building
Historical pre-conditions of unification nationalism The era of consciously articulated nationalism triggered by the French Revolution: • Early state-formation blocked by outside powers and internal fragmentation • Nation-formation outside state framework • Late state-building through mix of conquest and voluntary merger
Differences from state-framed nationalism • cultural meditation • identities and boundaries deeply contested • sudden mobilization Because of tricky geography and external intervention, these areas were dominated by small city-states and pre-modern principalities under a layer of imperial and religious authority
“Risorgimento” nationalism Reaction to French Revolution and Napoleonic wars: – ideational revolution: democracy + popular sovereignty – direct Napoleonic rule – French military model – Vienna 1815: elimination of small geopolitical entities
Which came first? Nation or State? Common state? No Yes Radical constructivism No Common nation? Essentialist theory Yes Cultural nation?
The German • Failed state- Case formation • Charlemagne united most of Central and W. Europe in 9th c. but then the empire split • Faced with invasions, the Holy Roman Empire developed into a weak dynastic umbrella: Reichsnation restricted to nobility electing the Kaiser
Why did state-formation fail? • Reich too vast, terrain too rugged, cultures too diverse • Princes defended their sovereignty • Confessional split: Luther rallies against Rome, but no religious unity: Peace of Westphalia in 1648 cements religious patchwork: “ cuius regio, eius religio ”
Cultural convergence Cities blossomed, intellectual and commercial communications across regional boundaries: • Gutenberg invents the printing press (Leipzig 1450) • Bible translated • Commercial contracts require standardization ⇒ linguistic community beyond political orders; Bildungsbürgertum and Aufklärung Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) precursor
Reaction to French Revolution • Conservative and anti-nationalist (Austria) • Liberal and nationalist (Germany): – Johann Gottlieb Fichte: “Address to the German nation” in 1807 • Nation-building through politicized organizations • Democratization against neo-absolutism of Princes • State-formation in opposition to Kleinstaaterei • Conservatives prevail at Congress of Vienna (1814- 15): German Confederation, but considerable geopolitical consolidation
Springtime of the nations! Nationalist revolutions reverberate throughout Europe – July 1830: revolution in Paris triggers nationalist unrest in Germany and Italy – Vormärz : gradual nationalist mobilization drawing on anti-French and anti-Danish feelings 1848: agitation at the – Revolution of 1848: unrest in Michaelsplatz in Vienna France diffuses, shaking the Habsburgs
The Frankfurt Parliament After revolutionary turmoil tears apart German Confederation, the Frankfurt Parliament convenes in 1848. All parties agree that nation-state should be built, but: – boundaries controversial (“ klein -” 1848 convention of the Frankfurt Parliament or “ grossdeutsch” ?) => Failure: no unified – popular sovereignty state, no secure fails because Princes resist democracy, no – Prussia fills vacuum cohesive nation
Late state-building • After Italian unification in 1860 liberal momentum builds up, but Bismarck, the Prussian Kanzler , “hijacks” the nationalist • Instead of liberal nation- issue: successful wars state, centralized, semi- against Denmark democratic monarchy (1864), Austria (1866), led by the Kanzler France (1870-71) => German Empire 1871
Toward integral nationalism... • The German nation-state was born in war and Prussian militarism became dominant • While liberal mainstream was bought off, the masses remained excluded • Diversionary tactics: rallying against France, Britain, and “internal enemies” (socialists and Jews) • Uncertain Eastern boundary with Slavs
The Italian case Parallels with the German case: – geopolitical fragmentation and foreign domination – large, pre-modern entities (Catholic Church) – effect of French Revolution – unification by leading state (Piedmont) >>> integral nationalism results
Failed state-building • Renaissance system of city-states locked into balance of power • Difficult terrain and parochialism • French and Spanish domination • Napoleon’s conquest triggers geopolitical reorganization but restoration of Papal and Austrian power after 1815
Growing nationalism • In 1831, Giuseppe Mazzini founds Giovane Italia in Marseilles • In 1847, the newspaper Il Risorgimento appears with Cavour as supporter Mazzini & Garibaldi • In 1848, riots against Austrian rule in Lombardy but Austrians resist • In 1852, Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia; Garibaldi forms the Association for the Unification of Italy Cavour
State-building • In 1860, the first “Italian Parliament” meets in Turin, and the One Thousand Red Shirts leave for Sicily • In 1861, Victor Emmanuel becomes king of Italy and the Kingdom gets a liberal constitution • Integral nationalism leads to fascism in the 1920s
Nationalism Separatist Europe in 1885: of the empires The breakup begins
Europe on the eve of WWI: Before the collapse of the great empires
Europe in 1925 after the collapse of the empires Collapse of Czarist Empire Collapse of Habsburg Empire Collapse of Ottoman Empire Colonialism
What came first? Nation or State? Common state? Eastern Europe: No Yes Ottoman, Habsburg, Phase I: Russian Empires State- formation Common nation? No Phase II: Nation- Secession & building collapse blocked Yes
Separatist nationalism • State-formation creates a multi-ethnic empire as in state-framed nationalism • But nation-building is blocked • Nationalities secede from the empire – Internal causes: sub-state revolts against “foreign” rule (mobilization & coordination) – External causes: weak military performance compared with more cohesive nation-states
Hroch’s main argument • When nationalism hits an area, nationalist mobilization corresponds to the level of modernization. • The later modernization happens, the less liberal and more violent the movement. • See also Breuilly: imperial policies important for timing and character of nationalism
Hroch’s phase model • Phase A. Scholarly inquiry • Phase B. Politicization • Phase C. Mass movement More complex explanation than Gellner’s: Social preconditions depend on more than industrialization (e.g. social mobility, communications, ideological “imports”, imperial policies)
Hroch’s typology Depending on the timing of modernization || we get: • Type 1. Integrated nationalism: |B|--C--> – Czechs, Hungarians, Norwegians • Type 2. Delayed nationalism: B--||--C--> – Croats, Slovenians, Lithuanians, Latvians • Type 3. Insurrectional nationalism: B-C--||--> – Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians • Type 4. Disintegrated nationalism: --||--BC--> – Basque, Catalonians, Flemish, Welch
The Habsburgs • Multi-ethnic empire headed by Vienna that dominated fragmentary but partly autonomous ethnic groups and territories through conquest and dynastic politics • Feudal + absolutist • Led by Germans, but tendencies Hungarians enjoyed special status • Attempted but failed (especially toward the modernization end)
The Ottomans • Sprawling Turkish dynasty that never tried to build national-state (“Sick Man of Europe”) • Large degree of cultural autonomy and self-rule; masses un-mobilized • Millet system: tolerant (cf. Gellner’s agrarian religious system for phase) Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Armenians
A chain reaction of nationalism French Revolution, Napoleon Imperial Vienna policies Constantinople Hungary Czechs Slovaks Greeks Serbs Croats Rumanians
The Magyar case • Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 • A => B. Diffusion of ideas esp. from French Revolution + German nationalism (Herder): Szechenyi and Kossuth. April laws. • B => C. Vienna’s oppression. Revolt crushed by Vienna & Russia in 1849; War with Prussia creates Ausgleich (compromise) of 1867 which initiates the Dual Monarchy
Recommend
More recommend
