National Carbon Project (NCP) National Carbon Project (NCP) : ISRO Geosphere Biosphere Program Initiative V K Dadhwal and NCP Team V K Dadhwal and NCP Team National Remote Sensing Centre (ISRO) (S P S Kushwaha*, N R Patel*, S Singh*, R Nayak, M S R Murthy, G Rajasekhar, G S (S P S K h h * N R P t l* S Si h* R N k M S R M th G R j kh G S Pujar, CS Jha, N Sharma, S Kumar, P Patil, M Kaul, & others ; *: IIRS) Asia Pacific Advanced Network Meeting , New Delhi, 24 Aug 2011
Carbon Cycle : Key Science Questions How is natural C cycle altered What controls atm CO 2 ? by human activities ? y How much rise in future ? How much rise in future ? Where are missing C sinks on land ? VK DADHWAL , Terrest C Cycle India ‐ Understanding with RS, Shimla, 2009 November
Introduction Introduction • In contrast to very intensive studies on global carbon cycle, I t t t i t i t di l b l b l covering global, sectoral and regional C pools, fluxes & net C balances the Indian efforts (total and forest C cycle) are quite balances, the Indian efforts (total and forest C cycle) are quite modest. • Inherently, C cycle studies are multi ‐ disciplinary and thus must include – biosphere and anthropogenic components, – observations, synthesis and modelling y g – different techniques and approaches • Under ISRO Geosphere Biosphere Program, a “National Carbon Project (NCP)” has been taken up since 2007, as a collaborative effort with other institutions
National Carbon Project National Carbon Project : Goals & sub : Goals & sub ‐ projects projects • GOALS GOALS – Assessment of C Pools, Fluxes & Net C balance for terrestrial biosphere in India – To establish a observational network and remote sensing ‐ based spatial databases for assessment & modeling of C cycle – To provide support to national activity under National id i l i i d i l Communication to UNFCCC • SUB ‐ PROJECTS • SUB ‐ PROJECTS – Vegetation C Pool Assessment – Soil C Pool Assessment Soil C Pool Assessment – Soil ‐ Vegetation Atmosphere C fluxes • FOCUS – Use of Remote Sensing, new RS data & techniques, and development of national spatial data sets – Supported by field observations, instrumented observatories and modeling ctivity
Vegetation Carbon Pool Vegetation Carbon Pool • Assessment of terrestrial vegetation biomass in the country using ground sampling and satellite remote sensing data • To generate geospatial data of the terrestrial phytomass Carbon of India along with estimates of uncertainty g y • APPROACH • Estimate by a combination of field work, geospatial modelling, b b f f ld k l d ll grid ‐ wise C density (biomass contribution) of forests, trees outside forest (TOF) crop & other vegetation outside forest (TOF), crop & other vegetation. • Grid ‐ wise area under each of land cover category above for refernce year is obtained by remote sensing. y y g
VCP : Proposed Field Plot sample locations 10000 sample plots envisaged 2500 permanent plots for monitoring biomass/carbon increment 4 samples plots at 20 zonal sites i.e. ~ 100 samples sites per each site i.e. AWiFS AWiFS quadrant (2000 super quadrant (2000 super nearly ~8000 plots of 250 × 250 m) quadrants sample plots
Forest Forest Phytomass Phytomass C Density using RS C Density using RS • Using zonation sample field data and local spectral • Using zonation, sample field data and local spectral models, assessment of forest phytomass density is carried out carried out • Three Approaches Exist – Plot means in RS data based strata Plot means in RS data based strata – Plot data & RS spectral Model • 1 st approach : Plot ‐ pixel model, scaling Errors pp p , g • 2 nd approach : Up ‐ scaled mean • Average biomass grid ‐ models – Geostatistical Approach • Future : New RS ‐ based approach Future : New RS based approach – Microwave, LIDAR and High spatial resolution
Assessment of TOF Assessment of TOF • B Background k d – FSI estimates TOF Growing Stock (GS) to be 1/3 of forest GS in India and provides estimates for 14 physiographic zones – However, fast change monitoring at smaller level requires small area TOF GS/ phytomass C contribution • VCP Approach Spatially modeled estimates of TOF using infrastructure information and high resolution image samples – To add the variable TOF Telangana sub ‐ region, AP co component in output grid po e t output g d – A typology and sampling strategy and integration plan has been worked out and been worked out, and Water bodies Canal/Drain – Water bodies – reservoirs/tanks Water bodies – river/stream – Field measurements planned ca. Lined, unlined ‐ perennial – dry/perennial 500 TOF sites of 5x5 km grids located on HR data located on HR data Forest mask Road layer (non ‐ forest) Built Up – Urban – Vegetated area
Historical Soil C density data set • Locations of published forest SOC data sets (> 1000) • New samples (NCP * SNC) will be p ( ) added for a large database (+ 1500 * 600) S. Forest Type yp Mean SE No 0-100 0-30 30-50 50-100 0-30 30-50 50-100 1 Him Dry Temperate 103 78.57 24.28 - 15.60 3.35 - 2 Him Moist Temperate 183 104.22 32.7 47.13 8.20 3.51 6.65 3 Sub Alpine and Alpine 143 78.61 27.82 37.71 9.60 3.35 5.83 4 Subtropical Broadleaved hill 207 92.91 44.11 70.6 8.97 5.36 11.33 5 Subtropical dry Evergreen 16 7.35 1.9 7.13 1.58 0.53 1.68 6 Subtropical Pine 147 63.96 28.03 54.9 5.26 3.75 9.64 7 Tropical Dry Evergreen 141 80.52 25.32 34.95 7.62 4.25 5.95 8 Tropical Wet Evergreen 165 71.37 34.3 61.51 4.80 2.90 7.97 9 Tropical Dry Deciduous 94 43.29 18.98 32.05 2.89 1.56 2.91 10 Tropical Moist Deciduous 124 60.92 24.88 38.34 2.51 1.13 2.24 11 Tropical Semi Evergreen 148 81.44 25.15 41.81 13.61 5.45 12.13 12 Tropical Thorn forest 105 42.82 20.8 42.04 7.08 3.70 7.97 13 Littoral and Swamp Forest 137 65.54 33.3 37.7 6.25 6.93 6.09
Soil Vegetation C Fluxes : Objectives • Study spatio ‐ temporal C source ‐ sink variability – Using ground measurements and RS ‐ based columnar Using ground measurements and RS based columnar atmospheric CO 2 retrievals – Measurement of eddy covariance and meteorological y g parameters using flux towers – RS ‐ based upscaling and validation of modeled regional C fluxes • Measurement and spatial modeling of soil CO 2 p g 2 flux • National ‐ scale multiple constraint modeling N ti l l lti l t i t d li and analysis for spatial estimation of net carbon balance
Atmospheric CO2 • Measurements technique and use of atmospheric CO2 for – Surface CO2 for diurnal and seasonal CO2 variability • Based on sensors 1% accuracy, 30 min continuous measurements – Fluxes of CO2 measured for vegetation and soil for calibrating component models • Soil CO2 fluxes, photosynthesis rates S il CO2 fl h t th i t – Eddy covariance net CO2 exchange to calibrate and validate models and upscale to large area using remote sensing models and upscale to large area using remote sensing – Satellite retrieval of columnar CO2 study spatial, intra ‐ and inter ‐ seasonal variability for land ‐ ocean, surface exchange ‐ inter seasonal variability for land ocean, surface exchange transport and cliamtic control on national C exchange
Other CO 2 Observing Sites Nainital (ARIES), 2009 Jul Gadanki (NARL), 2010 Mar Planned : SHAR, Mt Abu, Shillong
AIRS CO AIRS CO 2 2 over India and surrounding oceans over India and surrounding oceans 1.CO2 is increasing at 2.14 ppm per yr 2 Detrended CO2 over India for land 2.Detrended CO2 over India for land has sharper/ bigger peaks than ocean 3.Terrestrial biosphere larger role in � Large spatial latitudinal variability determing seasonal variability of atm � Annual Cycle: CO2 Increases (Winter � Annual Cycle: CO2 Increases (Winter, CO2 CO2 Spring) declined (summer , Autumn) � Monsoonal effect visible (transport and terrestrial sink)
Surface CO 2 , Flux Tower Measurement : Steps & Status Surface CO , Flux Tower Measurement : Steps & Status • Flux Tower Status • Flux Tower Status • Implementation Steps I l t ti St – Haldwani : Operational – Site Selection – MOU / Forest Dept / p – Meerut : Operational p – AAI/DGCA Approval – Barkot : Operational / * * – Site Infrastructure – Betul : Operational – Tower T – Sundarbans / WB/ Mang / – Instrument installation Procurement – Operational with field data – Khurda / Orissa : Site Selected Khurda / Orissa : Site Selected Surface CO 2 Measurements Dehradun, Nainital Forest Mt Abu Mt Abu , Gadanki Gadanki Grassland Grassland Cropland Operational Under Plann Installation ed
Flux Flux ‐ based based wheat crop C wheat crop C exchange exchange GPP & RESP Crop : Wheat Crop : Wheat CALIBRATED 1.8 Location : Meerut 1.6 2 s -1 ) 1.4 -2 1 2 1.2 GPP (mg CO2 m 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0 4 G 0.2 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 APAR (mmol m -2 s -1 ) APAR (mmol m s ) 0.35 y = 0.0788e 0.074x 0.30 O2 m -2 s -1 ) R 2 = 0.704 0.25 Q 10 = 2.1 Night Re (mg CO 0.20 0.15 0.10 N 0.05 0.00 F GPP = -F NEE + Re 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 Air temperature ( o C) ( o C) Ai FGPP = Gross primary productivity Re = ecosystem respiration Patel, Dadhwal, Mitra, Saha, 2011, FNEE = Net ecosystem Exchange Agric For Met (under review)
FLUX TOWERS, HALDWANI, MEERUT
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