Mycotoxins Mycotoxins Mykes: Greek for fungus/mold T oxicum: Latin for poison/toxin
Mycotoxins Summary Mycotoxins Summary Many molds involved in mycotoxin production Regulatory guidelines in place for animal feeding Vigilance required to detect and control mycotoxins Toxic effects demonstrated at very low concentrations
History Of History Of Mycotoxins Mycotoxins Ergotism (Saint Anthony’s Fire) in the Middle Ages Alimentary Toxic Aleukia in Russia during World War 2 (T-2) -wheat stored over winter “Turkey X” Syndrome in England in 1960 (aflatoxin) Kenyan aflatoxin Poisoning 2004 Dog food aflatoxin outbreak 2006
Mycotoxins of Economic, Health & Mycotoxins of Economic, Health & Agricultural Agricultural S Significance ignificance Mycotoxins are metabolic products of food spoilage fungi that induce toxic responses when consumed by animals or people. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified; They will fall into many different chemical classes, and induce a wide variety of toxic responses.
Worldwide Regulation of Mycotoxins Worldwide Regulation of Mycotoxins
Most Common Mycotoxins Most Common Mycotoxins regulated regulated in Human Foods Worldwide in Human Foods Worldwide Mycotoxin Number of countries Total Aflatoxin 76 Aflatoxin B1 61 Aflatoxin M1 60 Patulin 48 Ochratoxin A 37 Deoxynivalenol 37 Zearalenone 17 Fumonisin 6
egulations Mycotoxin R Mycotoxin Regulations For animal feeds can vary depending For animal feeds can vary depending on the on the type of animal. type of animal. For example: Mycotoxin regulations for dairy cattle feed can be different than the regulation for beef cattle feed. Pet food regulations are not specified in many countries.
Mycotoxin Regulations Mycotoxin Regulations For or animal feeds can vary depending on animal feeds can vary depending on the type of the type of feed material feed material. For example: Mycotoxin regulations for maize by-products used in animal feed can be different than the regulation for cereals used in animal feed.
Mycotoxin Economic Mycotoxin Economic and Health Risks and Health Risks Environmental Factors Harvesting Biological Factors Susceptible Crop + T emperature Crop Maturity Compatible, T oxigenic Fungus Moisture T emperature Mechanical Injury Moisture Insect/Bird Damage Detection Fungus Storage T emperature Moisture Detection Distribution-Processing Detection/Diversion Humans Animal Products Animals Figure 6.1. Factors affecting mycotoxin occurrence in the food chain (Pestka and Casale, 1989).
Ecological Parameters Affecting Mycotoxin Production CO 2 /O 2 Moisture Time Spore Load Mechanical Damage Temperature Insect Damage Competing Microflora
Adverse Economic Effects of Mycotoxins on Farmer/Trader Farmer/Trader Costs LIVESTOCK CROPS (beef, swine, poultry) and — Yield Losses dairy — Restricted Markets — Higher mortality rates — Increased production — Reproductive failures costs (abortions) — Increased post harvest — Reduced feed efficiency costs — Overall quality loss — Lower milk production — Nonmarketable milk
EFFECTS OF AFLATOXINS EFFECTS OF AFLATOXINS HUMAN/ LIVESTOCK HUMAN/ LIVESTOCK Figure 2.2 Livers from guinea pigs They have been given increasing doses of aflatoxins over the same period of time. From left to right beginning in the upper left corner to the lower right corner with a liver from a guinea pig given the greatest dose of aflatoxins. Note the increasingly pale livers with increasing dose of aflatoxins.
EFFECTS….CONTINUED EFFECTS….CONTINUED . On growth of turkey poults . The turkey poult on the left was given normal ration, and the poult on the right was given a ration containing 10ppm of T-2 mycotoxin for three weeks. Severe oral lesion in a turkey poult that consumed a ration containing 10 ppm T-2 mycotoxin for 3 weeks.
EFFECTS EFFECTS OF OF AFLATOXINS AFLATOXINS CROPS CROPS Appears in field, storage bin or during transport Aspergillus Growth on Corn Mold contamination may cause a reddish discoloration of the kernel/cob
What can be done to prevent mycotoxins? Pre-harvest field scouting & testing Test incoming corn loads — Continuously at start of harvest — Target troubled growing areas — Every load tested during stressed growing season Proper storage — Consistent, low moisture — Aeration & Mixing Stored grain — Routine checks — Testing prior to use in process
WHAT ARE THE BEST SOLUTIONS ? WHAT ARE THE BEST SOLUTIONS ? On-site testing — Qualitative Screening Yes/No Result — Quantitative Results Immunoassay (IA Column w/fluorometer, etc) Strip Test (Vertu DON- V™, Afla- V™) Independent Laboratory — HPLC, UPLC — LC/MS/MS
1. 1. VICAM Fluorometer VICAM Fluorometer Extract Filter & Dilute Pour Over Column Rinse & Elute Fluorometer LC/MS/MS HPLC or UPLC
SERIES 4 SERIES 4-EX EX AflaT est Series-4EX Fluorometer, 220V includes Basic Equipment Package
2. 2. AccuScan AccuScan Pro Pro Next generation reader for lateral flow diagnostics Consistency. Permanence. Simple PC interface. Intuitive operation. Dependability.
Procedure Procedure
Running Running a Test Using a Test Using AccuScan AccuScan Pro Pro 4 simple steps: Click on the run test icon. Select your test type Enter your sample ID if necessary. Insert your test strip.
MOISTURE MOISTURE TESTING TESTING (Destructive) (Destructive) Model 6010 Model 2000
MOISTURE MOISTURE TESTING TESTING (Non (Non-destructive destructive) Gac 2500 GacMini
Major Seed Equipment Project Major Seed Equipment Project ACTESA ACTESA - COMESA COMESA ACTESA: Alliance for Commodity Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa List of Countries for Certification and Multiplication Equipment Burundi Comoros Ethiopia Zambia Zimbabwe Djibouti Rwanda Uganda Mauritius Eritrea Southern Sudan Seychelles
Seed Certification Equipment Seed Certification Equipment Seed Dividers Seed Counters Dehumidifier Bag Probes and Seed Triers
Seed Multiplication Equipment Seed Multiplication Equipment Seed Graders Seed Blower Seed Germinator Seed Extracting Machine
www.fnscientific.com Paul Mungami ( Application Specialist/ Analytical Chemistry) Email : Paul.mungami@fnscientific.com Mobile: +254 714 920 052
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