Muscular & Integumentary Systems Texas TEK B.10(A) The student will interpret the function of systems in organisms (humans) including the Muscular and Integumentary Systems. Texas TEK B.10(B) The student will compare the interrelationships of Muscular and Integumentary Systems to each other and to the body as a whole. 1
Muscular Tissue • Three types of muscle in the body: –Skeletal –Smooth –Cardiac muscle • The name of the muscle suggest their location. 2
Muscular Tissue • Skeletal Muscle tissue – Composes muscles attached to bones • Smooth muscle – Found in walls of the viscera – Viscera are hallow internal organs • Cardiac muscles tissue – Makes up the walls of the heart 3
Skeletal Muscle • Three generalized functions of skeletal muscle: –Movement –Heat production –Posture 4
Skeletal Muscle • Movement –Skeletal muscle contractions produce movements either of the body as a whole (locomotion) or of its parts. 5
Skeletal Muscle • Heat production – Muscle cells produce heat by the process known as catabolism, which is the breakdown of food components. – Skeletal muscle cells are both highly active and numerous and they produce a major share of total body heat. – Skeletal muscle contractions constitute one of the most important aspects of the mechanism for maintaining homeostasis of temperature. 6
Skeletal Muscle • Posture –The continued partial contraction of many skeletal muscles makes possible standing, sitting, and other maintained positions of the body 7
Muscles of the Head Chewing •Lateral Pterygoid • Masseter •Medial Pterygoid • Temporalis 8
Muscles of the Head Facial Expression • Frontalis 9
Skeletal Muscle-Upper Extremities Pectoral Girdle-Anterior Region • Stabilize the scapula to ensure optimal movement in our upper limbs. • You will need to review the motions of the scapula and the motions of the gleno-humeral joint. • Pectoralis Major – The swimmer’s muscle – Superficial to the Pectoralis Minor • Pectoralis Minor • Subclavius – Serratus Anterior – Upward rotation of the scapula – Abduction of the scapula 10
Skeletal Muscle-Upper Extremities Thorax-Anterior Region – Deltoid – Superficial muscle covering the glenohumeral joint – Whole muscle action: Abduction at the glenohumeral joint – Anterior fibers: flexion at the glenohumeral joint – Posterior fibers: extension at the glenohumeral joint 11
Skeletal Muscle-Upper Extremities Thorax-Posterior Region –Trapezius (traps) • Large diamond shaped superficial muscle of the upper back region 12
Skeletal Muscle-Upper Extremities Thorax-Posterior Region • Rhomboid Major – Deep to Trapezius – Inferior to Rhomboid Minor • Rhomboid Minor – Levator Scapulae – Attach from the axial skeleton to the scapula. – Function is to stabilize the scapula for optimal movement in the glenohumeral joint. 13
Skeletal Muscle-Upper Extremities Thorax-Posterior Region • Latissimus Dorsi (Lats) – Large muscle on the lower back. – Superficial muscle, inferior to the trapezius • “the wings” on body builders 14
Skeletal Muscle-Upper Extremities Thorax-Posterior Region • Teres Major – These muscle share their actions – Extension of the glenohumeral joint – Adduction of the glenohumeral joint – Medial rotation of the glenohumeral joint 15
Muscles – The Anterior Arm • Muscles that act on anterior arm (Humerus): • Deltoid • Pectoralis Major • Biceps Brachii • Coracobrachialis • Subscapularis • Teres Major • Latissimus Dorsi 16
Muscles On the Posterior Arm • Muscles that act on the posterior arm (Humerus): • Deltoid • Supraspinatus • Infraspinatus • Teres Minor • Triceps Brachii (Long Head) 17
Muscles of the Anterior Forearm • Anterior Forearm (Radius/Ulna): – Has 19 muscles • Biceps Brachii • Brachialis • Brachioradialis • Pronator Teres 18
Muscles of the Posterior Forearm • Posterior Forearm (Radius/Ulna): • Triceps Brachii – Long Head • Triceps Brachii – Medial Head • Triceps Brachii – Lateral Head • Anconeus 19
Muscles of the Wrist, Palm, & Digits • 20 Muscles for hand function • Anterior Muscles: • Flexor Carpi Radialis • Palmaris Longus • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris • Flexor Digitorum Superficialis 20
Muscles of the Wrist, Palm, & Digits • Posterior Muscles: • Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus • Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis • Extensor Digitorum • Extensor Carpi Ulnaris 21
Muscles of the Abdomen • External Oblique • Internal Oblique • Transverse Abdominis • Rectus Abdominis – six pack? 22
Muscles of the Anterior Thigh (Femur) • Iliacu • Psoas Major • Tensor Faciae Latae • Sartorius – Longest muscle in the body • Rectus Femoris • Pectineus • Adductor Longus • Adductor Brevis • Addcutor Magnus • Gracilis 23
Muscles of the Posterior Thigh (Femur) • Gluteus Maximus – Largest muscle in the body • Gluteus Medius • Gluteus Minimus • Piriformis • Quadratus Femoris • Biceps Femoris: Long Head • Semimembranosus • Semi tendinosus 24
Muscles of the Posterior Leg • Semimembranosus • Semitendinosus • Biceps Femoris: Long Head • Biceps Femoris: Short Head • Gastrocnemius 25
Muscles of the Foot Anterior Region • Tibialis Posterior • Tibialis Anterior • Extensor Digitorum Longus • Extensor Hallucis Longus • Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius 26
Muscles of the Foot Posterior Region • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Plantaris • Flexor Hallucis Longus • Flexor Digitorum Longus • Tibialis Postieror 27
How many voluntary muscles are there in the body? 28
Answer to the Question 640 Voluntary Muscles in the body 29
The Integumentary System Texas TEK B.10(A) The student will interpret the function of systems in organisms (humans) including the Muscular and Integumentary Systems. Texas TEK B.10(B) The student will compare the interrelationships of Muscular and Integumentary Systems to each other and to the body as a whole. 30
Functions of the Skin • The skin is the largest organ of our body • The skin is one of the 7 channels of elimination containing • About 70% water • 25% protein • 2% lipids • The skin helps the main organs of elimination (liver, kidneys, intestines) get rid of waste buildup. 31
Functions of the Skin • The uppermost layer of the skin is called epidermis. • The deeper layer is called the dermis – Contains collagen and elastin – Keeps the skin flexible and firm – Dermis also contains • Sebaceous glands • Sweat glands • Lymph vessels • Hair follicles • Nerves 32
Functions of the Skin • Beneath the dermis lies a tissue of fat cells. • Infection can occur when the exfoliation process (the renewal of cells when they shed to make room for new ones) slows down and your skin pores get blocked. 33
Functions of the Skin • Acts as a mechanical barrier to infections. • Ultimately prevents microorganisms and other substances from entering the body. • Langerhans cells (a type of macrophage) are found within the dermis, they engulf invaders foreign to the body and debris. • Keratin layers in the epidermis together with sebum produced by sebaceous glands act as a waterproof barrier. 34
Functions of the Skin • Melanocytes protect the body from ultraviolet light. • Finger and toenails protect the extremities of fingers and toes from damage. • Fingertips are important for dexterity and the sense of touch; they have ridged areas to assist in picking things up. • Hair follicles offer some extra protection to certain parts of the body such as eyes and head. 35
Functions of the Skin • Skin provides the sense of touch or sensation we need to know more about our outside environment through recognizing heat, cold, pain and other sensations. • Nerve endings of the skin provide the body with a great deal of information about the outside environment. 36
Functions of the Skin • Regulates body temperature. • Considerable heat is lost through the skin. • Even under extreme conditions of high temperature and exercise, our skin tends to make body temperature normal. 37
Functions of the Skin • The production (evaporation) of sweat in the skin cools us down when exposed to too much heat. • The core body temperature needs to be kept constant for normal physiological activity to take place (37c). • It needs to maintain a core temperature for homeostasis. 38
Functions of the Skin • Skin excretes waste product and excess salt from the body. • Sweat includes waste products in solution. • Water is lost continuously through the skin as insensible sweating. • More pronounced water loss through sweating occurs as part of temperature regulation. 39
Functions of the Skin • Skin synthesizes the use of Vitamin D in the presence of sunlight and ultra violet radiation needed for the absorption of calcium and phosphate. 40
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