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Muography Large Scale Imaging with Cosmic Rays Application in Geosciences and Engineering Gerg Hamar Wigner RCP Dep.HEP, REGARD Outline Application of Cosmic Rays Detector types Underground experiments Volcano imaging

  1. Muography Large Scale Imaging with Cosmic Rays Application in Geosciences and Engineering Gergő Hamar Wigner RCP Dep.HEP, REGARD

  2. Outline  Application of Cosmic Rays  Detector types  Underground experiments  Volcano imaging  Homeland security 2018. ELFT Muography 2

  3. Application of Cosmic Rays  Cosmic shower → muons wide energy spectrum  Slow energy loss (Bethe­Bloch) → Energy Density*Length of penetration  Applicable for imaging of large scale density inhomogenities  Bare flux ~ 120 Hz/srad/m 2 * cos 2 θ  Detector's relative position → Under good flux, usually difficut place → Sideway low flux, easy access 2018. ELFT Muography 3

  4. Alvarez Experiment  The Use of Comic Rays at the Kefren Pyramid  Alvarez et al., 1968  Expected hidden chamber  Muographed from the tunnel below  No need to open the structure 2018. ELFT Muography 4

  5. Choise of a Detector  Cosmic muons : charged  Angle of incidence → Tracking (?)  Main points for detectors: angular / spatial resolution (10mrad) time resolution (ns­ µ s) robustness vs harsh environment (humidity, 50 o C, day/night var., rain, shock,...) scalability / large surface (0.1­10 m 2 ) cost efficiency remote control? 2018. ELFT Muography 5

  6. Emulsion Detectors  Nuclear emulsion films (AgBr in gelatine) (like in OPERA experiment)  INFN Sez. Napoli  Spatial resolution ~ 1 µ m  Ionization → black grains on the film layers approx 35grains/100 µ m 2018. ELFT Muography 6

  7. Emulsion Detectors  Nuclear emulsion films (AgBr in gelatine) (like in OPERA experiment)  Spatial resolution ~ 1 µ m →  Ionization black grains on the film layers approx 35grains/100 µ m  Multiple layers of micro­tracks → 3 dim tracking 2018. ELFT Muography 7

  8. Emulsion Detectors  Nuclear emulsion films (AgBr in gelatine) (like in OPERA experiment)  INFN Sez. Napoli  Spatial resolution ~ 1 µ m  Ionization → black grains on the film layers approx 35grains/100 µ m  Multiple layers of micro­tracks → 3 dim tracking  Automatised scanning system 2018. ELFT Muography 8

  9. Emulsion Detectors  Nuclear emulsion films (AgBr in gelatine) (like in OPERA experiment)  INFN Sez. Napoli  Spatial resolution ~ 1 µ m  Ionization → black grains on the film layers approx 35grains/100 µ m  Multiple layers of micro­tracks → 3 dim tracking  Automatised scanning system  Portable (lightweight) No power needed for operation  Tracking only offline 2018. ELFT Muography 9

  10. Scintillators  Array of plastic scintillators  Excellent time resolution (reject backward particles?)  Spatial resolution ~ 2­5 cm  Readout : PAMT : reliable, moderate power, high cost/channel SiPM : new, low power, temperature control, dark current →  Few layers (cost!) simple coincidence  Simple operation : widely used  Volcano muography  Japan, Italy, France 2018. ELFT Muography 10

  11. Gaseous Trackers  Multile layers of gaseous chambers  Good spatial resolution ~ 1­10 mm  Several layers → good tracking Used chamber types:  ToMoVul : RPC fast, good resolution, high powerc., high cost, CALICE  Wigner : CCC lightweight, portable, low powerc., moderate cost  Wigner + Tokyo Uni : MWPC good resolution, low powerc., moderate cost  MM : CEA Saclay good resolution, micro­TPC mode, expensive electronics 2018. ELFT Muography 11

  12. ToMoVul  ToMoVul : RPC fast, good resolution, high powerc., high cost, CALICE 2018. ELFT Muography 12

  13. Research aims  Novel approach, real applicability is under investigation (wherever large scale density­change could be meaningful) Cooperation with other techonologies (not exclusive!)  Cultural heritage exploration Kefren pyramid by Alvarez, Pyramid of Giza, Kofun, ...  Volcano understanding and monitoring Etna, Stromboli, Puy de Dome, Sakurajima, ...  Underground trasures Mining, Natural cave search, Oil fields, ...  Industrial applications Underground gas fields, Reactor blocks, ...  Homeland security cargo scan for hidden objects, land/sea/air 2018. ELFT Muography 13

  14. Underground treasures  Muography in Hungary  Main aim : Underground cave exploration  Used technology CCC (modified low material budged MWPCs) 2018. ELFT Muography 14

  15. Underground treasures  Muography in Hungary  Main aim : Underground cave exploration  Used technology : CCC  Tracking with 6­8 layers  Portable design : ~50cm, 10kg Custom DAQ: RPi based Total Power consumption ~ 5W (DAQ, HV, LV, FEE) (can run from car battery) 2018. ELFT Muography 15

  16. Underground treasures  Muography in Hungary  Main aim : Underground cave exploration  Used technology : CCC  Tracking with 6­8 layers  Portable design : ~50cm, 10kg Power consumption ~ 5W (run from car battery)  Tests at the KFKI Jánossy Pit 2018. ELFT Muography 16

  17. Underground treasures  Muography in Hungary  Main aim : Underground cave exploration  Used technology CCC (modified MWPCs)  Tracking with 6­8 layers  Portable design : ~50cm, 10kg Power consumption ~ 5W (custom DAQ)  Tests at the KFKI Jánossy Pit  Measurements at: Molnár János Cave, Sátorkőpuszta, Ajándék Cave in Pilis, Cellars of Kőbánya, Under the Castle of Buda, … 2018. ELFT Muography 17

  18. Underground treasures 2018. ELFT Muography 18

  19. Volcanos  Geoscinece + Paricle physics  Japan, France, Italy, Hungary  Deepen knowledge on Volcanos  Possibility for eruption forecast? 2018. ELFT Muography 19

  20. MMOS  MWPC based Muon Observatory System  Collaboration of Japan, Tokyo University , Earthquake Research Institute Hungary, HAS, Wigner RCP, Det.Phyis.G. Regard  Approach patented  Background suppressed via scatter plates and tracking → array of 8 MWPCs and 5 lead plates  Sakurajima (an active! volcano in Japan)  Installed 3 detector sets (80x80 and 120x80 cm 2 ) new two will be installed in 2018 October  RPi based DAQ, Low power, UPS, Environmental monitoring  System integration: Regular data sending to servers (prepare for monitoring) 2018. ELFT Muography 20

  21. MMOS 2018. ELFT Muography 21

  22. MMOS  Images of Sakurajima 2018. ELFT Muography 22

  23. Software and maths  Shall have good knowledge on Cosmic Ray flux and the surface map + geological assumption  Tomography can use only a few views  Image reconstruction : inversion (non­trivial)  Combine with other methods (electrical, seismic, gravity, ...) 2018. ELFT Muography 23

  24. Homeland Security  Measure the scattering of the muons on the target  Scan of large object  Search for hidden/shielded goods ← high Z material  Usability : large items (containters, trucks, cargo), un­irradiatable items (eg. biological)  Main issue : measurement time, and cost/size 2018. ELFT Muography 24

  25. Summary Muography : novel technique  to measure large scale density inhomogenities → → Cosmic Ray Muon Penetration  → Use of Tracking detectors Density*Length map  (Emulsion, Scintillators, Gaseous detectors) Various applicability  Caves, Pyramids, Volcanos, Homeland security, ... Prototypes are working, however at R&D phase,  may soon be open to Industial interest Signigicant contribution from WignerRCP  2018. ELFT Muography 25

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