Multilocality in Rwanda: forced of deliberate choice? Ine Cottyn Phd Candidate International Development Studies I.R.R.J.B.Cottyn@uu.nl Dr. Gery Nijenhuis Assistant Professor Human Geography and Planning International Development Studies G.Nijenhuis@uu.nl Utrecht University 19 september 2014 1
Rurban Africa Work packages: • Agricultural transformation and rural dynamics • Rural livelihoods, income diversification and mobility • city dynamics • Access to services in low-income city communities Data collection in Ghana, Cameroon, Tanzania, Rwanda - Selection of dynamic sites - survey: 200 - Qualitative methods: FGD, Tracer study 23 december 2014 2
Outline presentation Theoretical overview • Mobility and migration in SSA: main trends and issues • Rural transformation, rural livelihoods and mobility • Multilocality, translocality and translocal livelihood strategies Rwanda • History of mobility in Rwanda • Vision 2020 and rural transformation Data collection • Site selection • Methodology Multilocality in Rwandan households? • Socio-economic characteristics of households • How is mobility shaping the livelihoods of rural households in the context of Rwanda? • Multilocality/ translocality? • Are households forced into these practices under the conditions presented or it can be considered a deliberate choice? 23 december 2014 3
Mobility and migration in SSA: main trends and issues Transnational and urban bias in literature and research 3 main trends of African domestic migration: • Diversified spatial patterns • Increasing circulation, connectivity and temporary mobility • Changes in migration selectivity: the role of gender and generation 3 key drivers of mobility : • agricultural transformation • processes of urbanization • Innovation in transportation and communication + specific national policies Conventional of migration research (e.g., origin/destination, push/pull, and departure/arrival) are not always helpful toward understanding African mobility (Greiner and Sakdapolrak 2013). 23 december 2014 4
Rural livelihoods and mobility 1) Agricultural transformation 2) Urbanisation 3) Globalisation 4) National policies In livelihood studies de Haan already pointed at some pressing issues : • Social change: decomposition of households • Economic fragmentation: multi-tasking and income diversification • Spatial dispersion: multi-local livelihoods Migration is an important strategy for households to promote and diversify their livelihoods 23 december 2014 5
Multilocality, translocality and translocal livelihood strategies • led to the emergence of what is variously described as multi-spatial (de Haan, 2005; Foeken & Owuor, 2001; Start, 2001, 2004), mobile livelihoods (Sorensen 2002) ‘stretched’ livelihoods (Crush, 2013) and multilocality (Dick & Schmidt-Kallert, 2011; Tacoli, 2008) in which households operate along a rural – urban continuum tied together by remittances and migration and extended family networks (Bah et al., 2003; Collinson et al., 2006; Crush& Pendleton, 2009) • multi-locational households Greiner (2012): translocal livelihoods Translocality : ‘the emergence of multidirectional and overlapping networks created by migration that facilitate the circulation of people, resources, practices and ideas and thereby transform the particular localities they connect ’ (Greiner 2011:610) How is mobility shaping the livelihoods of rural households in the context of Rwanda? Is multilocality/ translocality a concept applicable to this specific situation? Are households forced into these practices under the conditions presented or it can be considered a deliberate choice? 23 december 2014 6
Rwanda 23 december 2014 7
History of mobility in Rwanda - regional differences - Rural to rural movements, motivated by the search for better land + movement towards small centres - After independence: movement towards Kigali - 90’s land scarcity: migration towards cities and Eastwards - Intensification of marshland cultivation - Opening land of Akagera Park (Eastern Province) - Urban to rural Forced migration - 1994 genocide: +/- 2 million IDPs - Civil war 1996-1998: IDPs in Rubavu and Gisenyi prefectures - Imidugudu (villagisation) - Urban – rural: investors 23 december 2014 8
Vision 2020 and rural transformation • Ambition to transform its economy from largely agrarian to a knowledge-based economy • Problem = population density and land scarcity T ransformation agricultural sector into professionalized motor for economic growth (no room for smallholders) Land reforms and creation of land market Villagisation Urbanisation 23 december 2014 9
Data collection: Site selection Regions with different dynamics in terms of : • Agricultural transformation • opportunities for economic diversification (spin-off effects to non-agricultural activities) • presence of ‘new actors’ (corporate interests, migrant entrepreneurs, traders, etc.) • demographic changes (increase or decrease of population) • quality of infrastructure (physical and functional, e.g. communication) • changed and/or accelerated mobility patterns Rwanda: 2 districts • Musanze • Nyabihu Selection of 1 rural development centre (centre negoce ) + 1 ‘remote’ village 23 december 2014 10
Methodology • Agricultural and rural livelihood survey 1. H OUSEHOLD D ATA 2. M IGRATION AND M OBILITY OF E CONOMICALLY A CTIVE R ESIDENT H OUSEHOLD M EMBERS 3. A GRICULTURE AND L IVESTOCK 4. F INANCIAL AND P HYSICAL A SSETS 5. EXPENDITURES AND SAVING • Livelihood/mobility trajectories • Interviews with local officers (29) Questionnaires Livelihood/mobility trajectories Focus groups Musanze (Busogo) – village A 25 21 3 (8/5/8) Musanze (Busogo) - Cyasure B - 10 3 (8/8/8) Nyabihu (Rambura)- Village C 26 13 3 (7/5/8) Nyabihu (Rambura) – Village D 25 10 3 (10/7/10) Total 76 54 12 (92) 23 december 2014 11
1 male heads of household 1 female heads of household Focus group discussions 1 youth (14-35 yrs, not married ) 23 december 2014
Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 23 december 2014 13
MUSANZE - Busogo Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 23 december 2014 14
Nyabihu - Rambura Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 23 december 2014 15
District/sector Musanze - Busogo Nyabihu - Rambura Village A Village B Village C Village D Road connection Main paved road 1.5h from the paved road, Paved secondary road Dirt road accessible by moto- connecting the cities of only accessible through dirt connecting rural development taxi or 4x4 Gisenyi and Musanze road over the hills centres Type of transportation Car walking Car 4x4 Bus Bus Moto- taxi Walking Moto-taxi Moto-taxi Bicycle Bicycle walking walking Electricity Yes No Yes No Available services - Modern market - - Modern market - school - Bank - commercial centre - health centre (building) - Commercial centre - fromagerie - School - Health centre Local livelihood opportunities - Agriculture (own - Agriculture - Small business - small farming and fields or wage - Local wage labour - Local wage labour animal husbandry labour) - Small business - Teaching in - Wage labour on tea - Small and big - Transporter neighbouring schools plantation business - trade - Selling of cheese and - Trade milk - Transportation - Temporary government - … employment in terracing Main demographic trends Growth due to influx of Stable, almost everyone now Village considered ‘full’, Resettlement village, mainly businessmen (from both moved to the grouped mainly due to influx of teacher former refugees that had to rural and urban areas) settlement to the neighbouring schools move out of Gishwatti forest. 23 december 2014 16
Location Musanze Nyabihu Centre Village A Village C Average HH size Average members <14 connections Average members 14 + Average number of mobile members Dependency ratio Multiple income generating activities Average number of income sources in the household Ubudehe remote Village B Village D Average HH size Average members <14 Average members 14 + Average number of mobile members Dependency ratio Multiple income generating activities Average number of income sources in the household Ubudehe 23 december 2014 17
How is mobility shaping the livelihoods of rural households in the context of Rwanda? • All households are mobile, using physical movement in constructing their livelihoods. • Most households were involved in daily movements within the own district or even own sector, however exceptions. • Differences are seen among households of different socio- economic status • main constraint to mobility appeared to also be lack of financial means 23 december 2014 18
Village A Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 23 december 2014 19
Village B Via Invoegen | Koptekst en Voettekst invoegen Subafdeling<2spaties>|<2spaties>Titel van de presentatie 23 december 2014 20
Village C 23 december 2014 21
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