Modeling Persuasiveness: change of uncertainty through agents’ interactions nska 1 M. Kacprzak 2 . Rembelski 3 K. Budzy´ Paweł P 1 Institute of Philosophy, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Poland 2 Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Poland 3 Faculty of Computer Science, Polish-Japanese Institute of Information Technology Conference on Computational Models of Argument Toulouse, May 28 - 30, 2008 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 1 / 52
Outline PERSEUS Project 1 Strength and dynamics of persuasion 2 Example Formal models Formalization 3 Syntax and semantics Axiomatization Investigation of the persuasion systems 4 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 2 / 52
PERSEUS Project Outline PERSEUS Project 1 Strength and dynamics of persuasion 2 Example Formal models Formalization 3 Syntax and semantics Axiomatization Investigation of the persuasion systems 4 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 3 / 52
PERSEUS Project PERSEUS PER suasiveness: S tudies on the E ffective U se of argument S Philosophy motivation Reflection application on Persuasion Process Comp-sci modeling The Formal Investigation application Theory Logic of Persuasion of Persuasion modeling Process Formal Description of Persuasion Process Figure: The Perseus Project and the Formal Theory of Persuasion . K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 4 / 52
PERSEUS Project The notion of persuasion Definition (Walton and Krabbe) Persuasion dialogue - dialogue of which initial situation is a conflict of opinion and the aim is to resolve this conflict by verbal means and thereby influence the change of agents’ beliefs The aspects of persuasion we want to model: Persuasiveness - a degree of changes in the agent’s beliefs 1 induced by the persuasion Dynamics of persuasion - tracking changes in the belief state of 2 an agent at any intermediate stage of the persuasion K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 5 / 52
PERSEUS Project The aim of our theory Investigation into properties of persuasion systems based on existing theories (instead of developing and implementing arguing agents or determining their architecture and specification) Logic allowing to express such properties of multi-agent systems 1 Software system allowing to examine selected multi-agent 2 systems K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 6 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Outline PERSEUS Project 1 Strength and dynamics of persuasion 2 Example Formal models Formalization 3 Syntax and semantics Axiomatization Investigation of the persuasion systems 4 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 7 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Example Outline PERSEUS Project 1 Strength and dynamics of persuasion 2 Example Formal models Formalization 3 Syntax and semantics Axiomatization Investigation of the persuasion systems 4 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 8 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Example Ann and Paul discuss where John is spending his summer holidays this year. Ann allows scenarios in which John is in Italy, Spain or Peru. Paul wants to convince her that John is in Alaska. Figure: Before the persuasion K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 9 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Example Paul : Last time I met John in a restaurant he told me about great discounts for vacation in Alaska. Ann : Hm, Alaska - I really dont know. But it could be interesting... Figure: An argument a 1 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 10 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Example Paul : You know that John likes original places. Ann : Yes, you are right. He wouldn’t choose Italy or Spain - it would be too trivial for him. Figure: An argument a 2 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 11 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Example Paul : Do you know that he spent whole month in Peru last year? Ann : Really? He wouldn’t visit the same place twice! Figure: An argument a 3 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 12 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Example Assumptions the thesis T: "John spends his summer holidays in Alaska" START: Ann is absolutely sure that T is false 1 intermediate stages: each successive argument increases her 2 certainty that T is true END: after a 3 Ann is absolutely sure that T is true 3 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 13 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models Outline PERSEUS Project 1 Strength and dynamics of persuasion 2 Example Formal models Formalization 3 Syntax and semantics Axiomatization Investigation of the persuasion systems 4 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 14 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models Motivation The formal tool that allows to: express persuasiveness , i.e. a degree of changes in Ann’s 1 beliefs in what degree Ann is convinced of T after the given argumentation one argumentation may be more persuasive than the other one track the changes in her belief state at any intermediate stage of 2 the persuasion how Ann reacts after each successive argument the changes in her beliefs after a 1 , then after a 2 and finally after a 3 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 15 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models NON-GRADED DOXASTIC LOGIC K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 16 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models Expressiveness The degrees of belief of an agent with respect to a thesis T: B ( ¬ T) - a negative belief 1 the agent believes T is false N (T) - a neutral belief 2 the agent is not sure if T is true or false N (T) wtw ¬ B (T) ∧¬ B ( ¬ T) B (T) - a positive belief 3 the agent believes T is true K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 17 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models Dynamics in non-graded logic N(T) B( T) B(T) Figure: Dynamics of persuasion K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 18 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models The "Alaska" example N(T) B( T) B(T) Figure: The change of beliefs induced by Paul’s argumentation K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 19 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models GRADED BELIEFS K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 20 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models Expressiveness If we wanted to describe three types of uncertainty , our model should include five belief states: 0 - absolutely negative beliefs 1 1 4 - rather negative beliefs 2 1 2 - "fifty-fifty" 3 3 4 - rather positive beliefs 4 1 - absolutely positive beliefs 5 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 21 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models Dynamics in the model of graded beliefs 1/4 0 1 1/2 3/4 Figure: Dynamics of persuasion K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 22 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models The "Alaska" example 1/4 a 2 a 3 0 1 1/2 3/4 Figure: The change of beliefs induced by Paul’s argumentation K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 23 / 52
Strength and dynamics of persuasion Formal models The extension … 0 1 … ... Figure: The extension of the model of beliefs’ change K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 24 / 52
Formalization Outline PERSEUS Project 1 Strength and dynamics of persuasion 2 Example Formal models Formalization 3 Syntax and semantics Axiomatization Investigation of the persuasion systems 4 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 25 / 52
Formalization GRADED BELIEFS K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 26 / 52
Formalization Inspiration Logic of graded modalities : Wiebe van der Hoek, Modalities for reasoning about knowledge and quantities, Amsterdam, 1992 K. Budzy´ nska, M.Kacprzak and P . Rembelski () Modeling Persuasiveness COMMA 2008 27 / 52
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