Milen Oslo, 23/11/2012 Greg Wallenborn Centre for Studies on - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Milen Oslo, 23/11/2012 Greg Wallenborn Centre for Studies on Sustainable Development Université Libre de Bruxelles

• What are the SM purposes? • Consumers: active or passive? • Methodology and results of 6 large European studies on feedback • Lessons from a small experiment framed in the ABC grammar • Interpretations and reframing the issue

Local consumption feedback and advice Energy Savings Home automation Remote consumption feedback & advice (ESCo) Monthly invoicing Smart Network management New payment methods Meter (accurate data) (tariffs, prepayment) Smart Electricity Demand response Grid market (technical) Demand response Network administration (economic) (power limitation or not)

• Privacy • Security • Electrosmog • Who pays the meter? Who owns it? Less present: • Necessity to install a SM in every household. • Which data are transferred? With which format? Which frequency? • Danger of making pay the ‘real cost of the electricity’

• Consumers want to know more about their bills and the energy prices. • Feedback is a necessary element to control energy use more effectively: information provided by feedback is clear and self- explanatory. • People react to external stimuli in predictable ways. • The transaction costs of getting the right information are low, and cognitive saturation happens rarely. • When fully informed a consumer makes the best choice. • Households can control (or manage) their energy consumption through different simple strategies. • Habits can be changed through awareness rising. • Once settled, these habits will last. • Among the overwhelming quantity of products, energy is an issue for households. • Users are interested by increasingly sophisticated devices.

• Electricity consumption feedback = 10%, 15%, or even 40% of reduction. But: • Who participates? • Possible for everybody? • How is an IHD appropriated? • What do people learn with an IHD?

Recruitment Total # # with SM Reduction EDF (EDRP) Phone. Opt-in 1979 1879 2.3% - 4% Letter (& E.ON (EDRP) 28450 8055 1.7% - 3.9% phone). Opt-in Scottish Power Visit. 3028 1330 No effect (EDRP) Uninformed Different SSE (EDRP) 27887 7106 2.5% - 3.6% methodologies CER (Ireland) Letter. Opt-in 5028 3858 2.5% Intelliekon Letter & 2091 1114 3.7% (Germany) phone. Opt-in Comments : - Reduction for the most efficient combination: SM + accurate billing + advices (+ monitor or additional bill data) - Reduction for the 1 st year (drawback effect) - Importance of opt-in: does not depend on socio-demo variables or location

• Qualitative • Sept. 2009 – May 2010 • Recruitment: – 10 through direct mailing – 10 through newsletters – 1 through a Public Welfare Centre • Steps: – Questionnaire about appliances and uses – Electricity Monitor: 4 to 8 weeks – Data explained – In-depth interview

0,5 1,5 2,5 3,5 4,5 0,5 1,5 2,5 3,5 Number of lamps 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 00:00 00:00 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 '01:00 '01:00 0 5 '02:00 '02:00 '03:00 '03:00 27 1 '04:00 '04:00 '05:00 '05:00 '06:00 '06:00 '07:00 '07:00 25 2 '08:00 '08:00 '09:00 '09:00 22/03/2010 '10:00 '10:00 Incandescent 31/08/2009 Monday Monday 40 '11:00 '11:00 3 '12:00 '12:00 '13:00 '13:00 '14:00 '14:00 14 4 '15:00 '15:00 '16:00 '16:00 '17:00 '17:00 '18:00 '18:00 20 5 '19:00 '19:00 '20:00 '20:00 '21:00 '21:00 '22:00 '22:00 45 6 '23:00 '23:00 00:00 00:00 Appliances Economic '01:00 '01:00 33 7 '02:00 '02:00 '03:00 '03:00 '04:00 '04:00 '05:00 '05:00 36 Household n° and total number of lamps 8 '06:00 '06:00 '07:00 '07:00 '08:00 '08:00 22 '09:00 '09:00 9 23/03/2010 '10:00 '10:00 Tuesday 1/09/2009 Tuesday '11:00 '11:00 '12:00 '12:00 10 15 '13:00 '13:00 Neon '14:00 '14:00 '15:00 '15:00 '16:00 '16:00 11 35 '17:00 '17:00 '18:00 '18:00 '19:00 '19:00 '20:00 12 30 '20:00 '21:00 '21:00 '22:00 '22:00 '23:00 '23:00 13 52 00:00 00:00 Halogen '01:00 '01:00 '02:00 '02:00 '03:00 '03:00 14 59 '04:00 '04:00 '05:00 '05:00 '06:00 '06:00 '07:00 15 58 '07:00 '08:00 '08:00 '09:00 '09:00 Wednesday 24/03/2010 '10:00 Wednesday '10:00 2/09/2009 16 6 '11:00 '11:00 Led '12:00 '12:00 '13:00 '13:00 Aggregated electricity consumption patterns '14:00 '14:00 17 47 '15:00 '15:00 '16:00 '16:00 '17:00 '17:00 18 13 '18:00 '18:00 '19:00 '19:00 '20:00 '20:00 '21:00 '21:00 19 30 '22:00 '22:00 '23:00 '23:00 00:00 00:00 Hourly electrical consumption profile (kWh) '01:00 '01:00 20 38 '02:00 '02:00 '03:00 '03:00 '04:00 '04:00 21 57 '05:00 '05:00 '06:00 '06:00 '07:00 '07:00 '08:00 '08:00 22 9 '09:00 '09:00 25/03/2010 '10:00 '10:00 Thursday 3/09/2009 Thursday '11:00 '11:00 '12:00 '12:00 '13:00 '13:00 '14:00 '14:00 '15:00 '15:00 Number of washing by week '16:00 '16:00 '17:00 '17:00 10 11 '18:00 '18:00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 '19:00 '19:00 '20:00 '20:00 '21:00 '21:00 1 A+ '22:00 '22:00 '23:00 '23:00 00:00 00:00 2 ? '01:00 '01:00 '02:00 '02:00 '03:00 '03:00 3 A '04:00 '04:00 '05:00 '05:00 '06:00 '06:00 4 A '07:00 '07:00 '08:00 '08:00 '09:00 '09:00 5 A 26/03/2010 '10:00 '10:00 4/09/2009 Friday Friday '11:00 '11:00 '12:00 '12:00 Household n° and washing machine energy level 6 A '13:00 '13:00 '14:00 '14:00 '15:00 '15:00 7 A+ '16:00 '16:00 '17:00 '17:00 '18:00 '18:00 8 B '19:00 '19:00 '20:00 '20:00 Usages '21:00 '21:00 9 A+ '22:00 '22:00 '23:00 '23:00 00:00 00:00 10 A '01:00 '01:00 '02:00 '02:00 '03:00 '03:00 11 N/A '04:00 '04:00 '05:00 '05:00 '06:00 '06:00 12 A '07:00 '07:00 '08:00 '08:00 '09:00 '09:00 13 A+ 27/03/2010 '10:00 '10:00 Saturday Saturday 5/09/2009 '11:00 '11:00 '12:00 '12:00 14 A+ '13:00 '13:00 '14:00 '14:00 '15:00 '15:00 15 B '16:00 '16:00 '17:00 '17:00 '18:00 '18:00 16 A '19:00 '19:00 '20:00 '20:00 '21:00 '21:00 17 A '22:00 '22:00 '23:00 '23:00 00:00 00:00 18 N/A '01:00 '01:00 '02:00 '02:00 '03:00 '03:00 19 A+ '04:00 '04:00 '05:00 '05:00 '06:00 '06:00 20 A '07:00 '07:00 '08:00 '08:00 '09:00 '09:00 28/03/2010 21 ? '10:00 '10:00 6/09/2009 Sunday Sunday '11:00 '11:00 '12:00 '12:00 22 N/A '13:00 '13:00 '14:00 '14:00 '15:00 '15:00 '16:00 '16:00 '17:00 '17:00 '18:00 '18:00 30°C 40°C 60°C 90°C '19:00 '19:00 '20:00 '20:00 '21:00 '21:00 '22:00 '22:00 '23:00 '23:00

• Some appliances use a lot of energy (dryer, water boiler, halogens, oven, etc.). – “everything that heats up consumes a lot”. • Some appliances don’t consume much – “I realized I can use it more”. • Committed people track small remaining consumption – Zero energy game • Perception change: – variations (peaks when use some appliances) – Standby (hidden consumption) – Ranking appliances • Intentions of buying more efficient appliances (or bulbs). • Longer term effects?

• Energy conservation interest: committed (8), aware (10), none (3). • Energy consumption: low (8), average (10), high (3). • Change in perception of energy consumption (17). • Behaviour change: standby (e.g. before going to bed), dryer, kettle. • Observed wasteful behaviours: heating T°, usual tips. • Self-declared thrift (16). • Use of the meter: curiosity (8), check (6), systematic control (3), felt obliged (4). • Environment & future: SD is possible (14), pessimistic (5).

Perception Behaviour 7 change change 10 No No perception behaviour 4 change change

Behaviour Perception 6 committed, 1 aware change 5 low, 2 average change 17-20°C (small) 4 conflicts 3 already informed 1 tenant 1 prefers to invest 1 happy average No No 3 knowledgeable perception behaviour 1 illiterate change change

Observed wasteful behaviours (8/21): - No behaviour change - 4 self-declared thrifty - Energy consumption: 3 high, 4 average, 1 low - T° max.: 19-24°C - Environment and future : 4 pessimistic, 3 SD

No observed 6 Check wasteful behaviour 7 Curiosity 1 Observed wasteful behaviours 3 4 Systematic Felt control obliged

• Current feedback yields small changes (non negotiable practices, Strengers 2011). • Diversity of users: opt-in is determinant • Appropriation of the IHD is a process (Liverstone 1993, Pantzar 1997) that depends on: – Pre-existing competences and practices – Interest (financial, environment, control, etc.) • ABC grammar (Shove 2010) : causal relations; a priori variables. • Objects should evolve with usages.

• Dispersed practice ? (Schatzki 1997) – For some households – In a narrow and normative frame  IHD is domesticated as a check of existing practice • For other households: add information but not relevant to practices. Conclusion: IHD does not create new practices  Energy saving is not a practice as an entity.

Engineer’s point of view: Materials Full automation Objects Images (delegation to machines) Meanings Energy conservation is missing in smart Practice theory: grid visions Schatzki, Reckwitz, Warde, Shove, etc. Skills Competences Procedures Economist’s point of view: Inform users (make human rational) Conclusion: in search of experiments in which objects are not thought as the main vector of change but participate to the socio-material reconfiguration (Marres 2012)