Memory Chapter 7 Encoding, Storage and Retrieval of Memor y - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Memory Chapter 7

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval of Memor y  Encoding  Storage  Retrieval  Forgetting

Three Systems of Memory  Sensory memory  Iconic memory  Echoic memory  Working/ short-term memory - storage process starts here -  Chunk  Rehearsal  Mnemonics  Working memory

Three Systems of Memory  Long-term memory: storage – two track memory  Declarative memory - facts  Semantic memory - general info  Episodic memory - autonoetic consciousness  Procedural memory – skills –implicit memory

Biological Bases of Memory  Biochemical changes at specific synapses produced by memory – result of learning  Long-term potentiation – neural basis for learning and memory – increases in excitability of neurons  Explicit memory – conscious - role of hippocampus  Implicit memory – retaining learned skills without conscious awareness of this learning  Consolidation - REM sleep  Flashbulb memories  Distribution of memory  Orbitofrontal cortex connection

Retrieval of Long-term Memories  Retrieval -  Recognition  Recall  Relearning  Retrieval cues  Priming

Emotion, Remembering and Forgetting  Siegel material –  Memory trace – enduring physical changes in brain as memory forms  Not all experiences affect mind equally  Brain appraises events as meaningful  If amygdala activated = “ value-laden ” memory – preverbal role in childhood  Selective inhibitions of mind  Self-regulation is related to modulation of emotion  Forgetting -essential aspect of explicit memory

Emotion, Remembering and Forgetting  Proactive Interference – information learned earlier interferes with recall of new material  Reactive Interference – difficulty recalling information because of later exposure to different material

Constructive Processes  Serial reproduction – “ telephone ” inaccurate  Memory in courtroom - poor recall  Repressed memories controver sy -  Researchers  Therapists  Legal issues

Film - False Memories

Memory Dysfunctions - Amnesia  Amnesia-  Retrograde amnesia = memory lost for occurrences prior to event  Anterograde amnesia = memory lost for events following trauma  Childhood amnesia – memory starts around 3-4 years of age  Aging

Memory Dysfunctions - Alzheimer ’ s  Alzheimer ’ s – loss of short-term memory, explicit/ declarative memory - risk factors: age, genes, head injury  Progressive and fatal disease  Most common form of dementia  No current cure  Loss of plasticity/ learning  Personality changes  Spread of distorted protein “ tau ”

Memory Dysfunctions - Alzheimer ’ s  Diagnosis –  Neuropsychological exam  Lab blood tests  Mental status testing  Brain imaging – CT, MRI, PET  Amyloid plaque buildup  Risk factors - age; genetic; head trauma (TBI)  Rate of progression varies

Film - Alzheimer’s

Memory Dysfunctions - Alzheimer ’ s  Preventative steps -  Drugs  Control blood pressure  Exercise  Eat right  Maintain friendships  Stimulate mind  Estrogen / anti-inflammatory drugs

Memory Dysfunctions – False Alzheimer ’ s Diagnosis Meds that Mimic A. Conditions Which Mimic A .  Antihistamines  Normal pressure  Sleeping pills hydrocephalus  Painkillers  Anti-anxiety drugs  Vitamin / hormone  Cholesterol drugs deficiencies  Older antidepressants  Heavy alcohol consumption  Incontinence drugs  Urinary tract infection  Acid-reflux drugs  Herpes simplex virus type 1  Blood pressure drugs  “ Silent emboli ” = blockage in  Tranquilizers tiny blood vessels  Heart drugs  Stomach drugs  Parkinson ’ s drugs

Improving Your Memory  Visual imagery  Association with bizarre  Decide what you need to remember  Pay attention - focus - repeat  Use mnemonics aids : lists, cards  Be consistent  Keep mind active and busy  Pace yourself  Memory wonder drug - sugar (glucose)

Memory Test  Rest Snore  Bed Sound  Night Eat  Wake Tired  Slumber Awake  Dream Comfort