Maria Burton, REU Student Shiva Sunder, Graduate Mentor Dr. Cumaraswamy Vipulanandan, Faculty Advisor
What is Grouting? � From liquid to solid with time � Foundation stability � Modify or improve the ground � Mend leaking sewer system � Fill voids, seal joints, connect pre-cast concrete sections � Improve the strength and reduce the permeability of in situ � Improve the strength and reduce the permeability of in situ soils What is Surfactant? � A blend of surface acting agent � Surface tension of water gets reduced � Hydrophobic “tails” and hydrophilic “heads” � Dishwashing liquid, laundry detergent powders
Literature Review Ozurel and Vipulanandan (2005) – Acrylamide Grout with Water *diluting acrylamide grout with water affects the mechanical properties of grouted sands, however, diluting grout with up to 50% of water does not affect the permeability of grouted sand Tomomi (2004) – Surfactants in Starches *The final viscosity of cereal starch paste with surfactants was found to be higher than control; higher surfactant concentration leads to higher final viscosity of cereal starch paste Queimada (2003) – Surface tension & Viscosity Relationship *In 1966, Pelofsky introduced a linear relation between surface tension and viscosity
Objectives Focus: Observe effects of a cationic surfactant on acrylamide grout & grouted sand properties (1) Study viscosity, temperature, and gelling time of acrylamide grout as it varied with time (2) Study viscosity, temperature, and gelling time of acrylamide grout as it varied with time with surfactant added (3) Study compressive strength of acrylamide grouted sand (4) Study compressive strength of acrylamide grouted sand with surfactant added
Materials Grout: AV-100 acrylamide chemical grout Catalyst: AV-102 Activator: AV-101 catalyst AP catalyst T+ Surfactant: Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, cationic surfactant (+) Sands: standard coarse fine 60% fine, 40% coarse
Viscosity - Grout (without surfactant) AV-100 grout + + Water viscosity in viscometer…
Viscosity vs. Percentage of AV-100 by weight
Temperature with time - Grout Mix (without surfactant) AV-100 grout + + Catalyst + Activator + Water Temp. sitting idle… Temp. in viscometer…
Temperature vs. Time While in viscometer… Out of viscometer… (stirring involved) (no stirring)
Viscosity – Grout (with surfactant) AV-100 grout AV-100 grout AV-100 grout AV-100 grout + + Surfactant Surfactant + + Water Water viscosity in viscometer…
Viscosity vs. Surfactant Content
Temp. & Density with time – Surfactant-Grout Mix AV-100 grout + + Surfactant + Catalyst + Activator + Water Temp. sitting idle… density - change in weight…
Temperature vs. Time – Surfactant-Grout Mix Density vs. Time – Surfactant-Grout Mix
Surfactant-Grout Mixes mix 11 ii mix 11 iv
Grout injection mold set-up… Disposal Grout out… Bucket Filter Sand Sand Air Filter Pressure Grout in…
Specimens being injected with grout mix…
Specimens coated with Tri-axial Testing machine sulfur…
Specimen in Tri-axial Load Machine… Sulfur Grouted Sand Specimen Sulfur Base
Load applied to specimen until failure… (grouted with grout mix without surfactant) Specimens 1-8 after failure… 1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8
Variation in strength with d50 Variation in strain with d50 Variation in strain with d50
Specimens 9-16 after grouted with surfactant-grout mix
Conclusion With the addition of surfactant in acrylamide grout… (1) gelling time increased (2) the viscosity increased (3) the rate of temperature-increase with respect to time decreased (4) strength of the grouted sand decreased >> CTAB surfactant modified the grout properties >> Grouted sand properties were reduced (or affected) by the addition of surfactant
Acknowledgment The research study described herein was sponsored by the National Science Foundation under the Award No. EEC-0649163. The opinions expressed in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor.
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