Lisin V., Chizhikova V., Lubkova T., Yablonskaya D. Management of Environmental Risks Related to the Use of Lead Ammunition at Outdoor Sports Facilities (Shooting Ranges) Guidelines on the Best Available Practices Helsinki February 10, 2020 1
The research was conducted with the participation of geochemistry specialists from the Department of Geology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University at the request of the International Shooting Sport Federation. The objective is to identify the potential impact of using lead ammunition on the environment components, in order to manage the environmental risks of outdoor sports facilities (shooting ranges) operation The report is prepared at the request of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 2
INTRODUCTION The operation of shooting ranges causes dispersion of metallic lead in the form of ammunition over a limited area of a shooting facility. The management of outdoor sports facilities using lead ammunition is impossible without understanding the transformation factors and evaluating the potential environmental impact. The report does not cover such facilities as: o indoor shooting ranges, o military shooting ranges, o hunting areas. 3
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAD 1. Lead is considered to be a relatively unreactive metal which is stable in neutral environments in the absence of oxygen. 2. Under natural conditions metallic lead reacts with the ambient oxygen quite fast, with a continuous oxide coating is formed on the lead surface. General view of the surface Cross-sectional view of used gunshot of the shot surface PbO 2 PbO Pb 0 500 µm 100 µm When exposed to air, lead is relatively inert because oxide coating is formed on their surface and protects it against further transformation 4
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LEAD Comparison of metal corrosion rates, µ m/year (for urban atmosphere) Lead Aluminium Copper Nickel Zinc Steel 0.4 0.8 1.2 3.3 5 12 (Uhlig, Revie, 1989) Lead is weakly prone to corrosion when exposed to ambient air (as compared to other metals) 5
PATTERN OF TRANSFORMATION OF LEAD SHOT IN THE ENVIRONMENT Ingress of Atmosphere, Atmosphere, Atmosphere, Atmosphere precipitation metallic lead precipitation precipitation I II III IV Pb 0 … Pb 0 Pb 0 Pb 0 Pb 0 OXIDATION ENCAPSULATION CHANGE OF DISSOLUTION CONDITIONS Pb 2+ Soil Soil Pb 2+ water water Soil No impact on No impact on the environment the environment Pb 2+ Groundwater The contact between shot and atmospheric precipitation and soil water is the reason why lead ions are released into soils after the dissolution of the oxide coating on the shot surface 6
THE EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION ACIDITY ON THE DISSOLUTION OF LEAD SHOT The amount of dissolved lead, % of the initial mass (experimental data) % 0.3 0.04 0.02 рН 3 a model solution of precipitation with an extremely low pH level рН 4 a model solution of acidic precipitation рН 6.6 atmospheric precipitation with normal acidity days Contact of lead shot with atmospheric precipitation results in dissolution of oxide coating on the shot surface. The dissolution rate is 0.02-0.3% per year 7
IMPACT OF CO 2 CONTENT IN PRECIPITATION ON THE DISSOLUTION OF LEAD SHOT The amount of dissolved lead, % of the initial mass (experimental data) % 0.012 0.006 atmospheric precipitation ( рН 6.6) deionized water ( рН 5.5) days The presence of CO 2 in atmospheric precipitation increases the rate of dissolution of the oxide coating on the shot surface 8
THE EFFECT OF HUMIC ACIDS ON THE DISSOLUTION OF LEAD SHOT IN SOIL The amount of dissolved lead, % of the initial mass (experimental data) % 0.6 days The contact between shot and humic acids of soil water results in the highest rate of oxide coating dissolution 9
THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS IN SOILS ON THE DISSOLUTION OF LEAD SHOT The potential share of dissolved Pb in case of an increase in the concentration of organic acids (thermodynamic calculations, software package HCh v. 4.4) % Calculation in case of soil water average concentration of CO 2 - 25 mg/L Concentration of fulvic acids, mg/L Groundwater Surface water Swamp water An increase in the concentration of organic acids in soil water increases the dissolution rate of the oxide coating on the shot surface 10
LEAD INGRESS INTO SOILS Dissolution of shot Dissolution of shot 1% of the < + in atmospheric precipitation in soil water shot mass per 0.6% 0.02-0.3% year of the shot mass per year of the shot mass per year Pb 2+ SOILS TOTAL LEAD CONCENTRATION IN SOILS WATER SOLUBLE POTENTIALLY IMMOBILE OF AND BIOAVAILABLE MOBILE OF Pb-SPECIES OF Pb-SPECIES Pb-SPECIES Potential impact Impact on the No impact on the environment environment is unlikely on the environment In order to manage environmental risks, it is necessary to control the content of water soluble and bioavailable Pb-species in soils 11
BALANCE OF LEAD AT A SHOOTING RANGE 100% 0.095% Ingress of metallic Pb 0.9% at the shooting range (shot): Formation of potentially Formation of immobile Pb- mobile Pb-species , species , % of the ingress of % of the ingress of Pb 0 at Pb 0 at the shooting range the shooting range 99% 1% Pb 0 Ingress of Pb 2+ into soil, % of the ingress of Pb 0 at the shooting range, per year 0.005% Formation of water soluble and bioavailable Pb-species , % of the ingress of Pb 0 at the shooting range The resistance of metallic lead to transformation, together with the tendency to form immobile Pb-species in soils result in a negligibly small quantity of its water soluble and bioavailable compounds. 12
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENT AT SHOOTING RANGES Most sports shooting ranges are isolated facilities fitted with special equipment 13
ENCLOSED SHOOTING RANGE Lead shot collection activities Structure firing lane equipment o Annual reclamation and recycling confined area (earthen berms and backstops) o of shot from the accumulation area – regulation of shotfall zone o up to 80% of the shot ingress Environmental protection equipment Regular removal of lead shot remain from soils covering of the shotfall zone with o at the shooting range the adjacent accumulation area shot curtain o bullet traps o Maximum lead shot removal from the area at minimum costs 14
ENCLOSED SHOOTING RANGE 15
A SHOT CURTAIN AT A SHOOTING RANGE 16
BULLET TRAPS AT A SHOOTING RANGE 17
PARTLY ENCLOSED SHOOTING RANGE Lead shot collection activities Structure firing lane equipment o Regular shot reclamation confined area (earthen berms and backstops) o which frequency is determined by: regulation of shotfall zone o o technical capability, o economic feasibility, o national legislation requirements Environmental protection equipment covering of the shotfall zone with o the adjacent accumulation area shot curtain o Partial lead removal bullet traps o at the shooting range 18
PARTLY ENCLOSED SHOOTING RANGE An example of a partly enclosed shooting range 19
OUTDOOR SHOOTING RANGE Lead shot collection activities Structure firing lane equipment o confined area (earthen berms and backstops) o Removal of lead shot regulation of shotfall zone o from soils is difficult Environmental protection equipment covering of the shotfall zone o Lead shot is accumulated with the adjacent accumulation area both on the shooting range territory shot curtain o and off-site. bullet traps o 20
RISK MANAGEMENT ISSF ALGORITHMS Enclosed shooting Partly enclosed Non-enclosed range shooting range shooting range Restriction of surface runoff Lead accumulation control Restriction of lead dispersal Monitoring of potentially mobile and water soluble Pb-species (TCLP and SPLP tests) Lead immobilization measures Control of the Containment adjacent territories Monitoring of Reclamation – recycling condition surface runoff (soil, water) No impact on the Impact on the environment Potential impact on the environment is unlikely environment 21
SUMMARY Shooting ranges are isolated facilities, and their activities can be managed. o The proposed management structure represents an economically feasible and risk-oriented o approach to the assessment of environmental impact of shooting ranges, with the goal to prevent such impact outside of the facilities: economically feasible measures include metallic lead reclamation and recycling; • the risk-oriented approach is based on the understanding of the potential hazards of only • water-soluble lead species which can migrate in adjacent media and constitute under 0.005% of the total amount of annual metal ingress at the shooting range. Under the conditions of discrepancies in EU member states legislation and lack of unified o regulations, risk management presumes restriction of contact between the object and water resources and monitoring of water soluble and potentially mobile lead species in soils. 22
Thank you for your attention! 23
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