Low Energy Nuclear Reactions on the Cathode of a Chemical Cell New Energy Times Archives
A. Widom Y.Srivastava S. Sivasubramanian E. Del Giudice G. Vittiello D. Cirillo R Germano, V. Tontodonato New Energy Times Archives
Contents: • Two Kinds of Water • Cathodes • Electrolysis • Water Plasma Glow • Nuclear Transmutations • Conclusions 5/11/2011 3 New Energy Times Archives
Two Phases of Water I: Bulk Water is a Fluid Colloidal Suspension of Polarized Domains Floating Within a Background of Normal Water with no Net Ordered Polarization. Skim Milk is a Dilute Colloidal Suspension of Fat Domains in Bulk Water 5/11/2011 4 New Energy Times Archives
Two Phases of Water II: Interfacial Water is a Liquid Crystal Ferro- electric Wherein Overlapping Polarized Domains Yield a Net Polarization Cream is a Dense Colloidal Suspension of Fat Domains in Bulk Water 5/11/2011 5 New Energy Times Archives
Two Phases of Water III: Milk from a Cow Phase Separates into Cream Floating on Top of Skim Milk. 5/11/2011 6 New Energy Times Archives
Two Phases of Water IV: Interfacial Water Floats on Top of the Normal Water Emulsion and a Copper Coin Floats on Top of the Interfacial Water 5/11/2011 7 New Energy Times Archives
Two Phases of Water V: A Bulk Water Droplet Floats on an Interfacial Water Layer Which in Turn Floats on Top of the Bulk Water Emulsion. The Droplet Remains Floating for Seconds of Time Before Suddenly Falling Down into the Water. 5/11/2011 8 New Energy Times Archives
Two Phases of Water VI: Formation of a Water Bridge Across Two Glass Containers. The Container with the Lower Level Has the Cathode while the Container with the Higher Level has the Anode. V is about 15 kilovolt. Water lowers its chemical potential per unit mass Dz =gh when storing electronic negative charge . 5/11/2011 9 New Energy Times Archives
Cathodes I: 5/11/2011 10 New Energy Times Archives
Cathodes II: 5/11/2011 11 New Energy Times Archives
Cathodes III: Liquid Crystal Interfacial Layer Stores Negative Charged Electrons Pushing Protons Into the Metallic Cathode Making a Metal Hydride and Pushing Positive Ions into the Bulk Water. 5/11/2011 12 New Energy Times Archives
Cathode IV: For zero electric field, the ferroelectric state has neighboring polarization domains leave a configuration on the cathode of + - + - + - + - + - For strong electric fields, the downward polarization leaves only positive charges ++++++++++ 5/11/2011 13 New Energy Times Archives
Cathode V: The - + charged ion pairs on the Interfacial water bulk water surface annihilate leaving a neutral molecule while another Electron runs from the cathode to replace the lost electron. The neutral object then ionizes radiating optical photons. The ionized electron then makes it through to the anode yielding ( cathode ) ( liquid crystal ) ( bulk water ) ( anode ) photon e e e e ( plasma glow discharge) eV 5/11/2011 14 New Energy Times Archives
Electrolysis I: 4 ( cathode ) 2 ( interfacia l ) 4 ( cathode ) 2 ( interfacia l ) e H H O 2 4 ( cathode ) 2 ( gas ) H H 2 2 ( interfacia l ) 2 ( interfacia l ) 4 ( interfacia l) O H O HO 2 4 ( interfacia l) 4 ( Bulk Emulsion) HO HO 4 ( Bulk Emulsion) 2 ( Bulk Emulsion ) ( gas ) 2 ( anode ) HO H O O e 2 2 2 ( Bulk Emulsion ) 2 ( interfacia l ) H O H O 2 2 5/11/2011 15 New Energy Times Archives
Electrolysis II: Faradays Law :For every 4F of charge which passes through the cell, two moles of hydrogen gas and one mole of oxygen gas will be produced F=96,485 Coulomb 4 ( cathode ) 2 2 ( gas ) ( gas ) 4 ( anode ) e H O H O e 2 2 2 5/11/2011 16 New Energy Times Archives
Glow Discharge I: ( cathode ) ( liquid crystal ) ( bulk water ) ( anode ) photon e e e e ( plasma glow discharge) eV 5/11/2011 17 New Energy Times Archives
Glow Discharge II: ~ 220 Volt ~100 Volt Radiation Subtracts From Faraday’s Law ( cathode ) ( liquid crystal ) ( bulk water ) ( anode ) photon e e e e ( plasma glow discharge) eV 4 ( cathode ) 2 2 ( gas ) ( gas ) 4 ( anode ) e H O H O e 2 2 2 5/11/2011 18 New Energy Times Archives
Glow Discharge III: 5/11/2011 19 New Energy Times Archives
Nuclear Transmutations I: e p n I mportant Physics Requires e Production of Neutrons by 2 ) 2 ( W M c Mc Weak Interactions dp 2 4 2 2 W m c p c eE dt 2 d E 2 2 ( ) p e S EE 2 2 0 5/11/2011 20 New Energy Times Archives
Nuclear Transmutations II: The glow discharge excites surface plasma modes At mean frequency which n turn yields a fluctuating electric Field E. These quantum electrodynamics fluctuations renormalize the electron energy. e p n e 2 2 ( ) W M c Mc 2 2 e E 2 2 1 W mc mc 2 2 2 m c 1 5/11/2011 21 New Energy Times Archives
Nuclear Transmutations III: With u as the amplitude of the surface plasma mode displacement, the glow discharge is past the threshold for neutron production. 2 2 2 ( ) e p n mc M c Mc e 2 2 4 | | e 2 2 E u 1 1 a 2 3 2 3 mc a me E 0 2 7 ~ 5 ~ 10 Gauss E E E 0 0 1 Gauss 300 volt/cm 5/11/2011 22 New Energy Times Archives
Nuclear Transmutations IV: M M n p 2 . 531 hreshold t m 2 2 2 2 2 3 g g G m mc 2 V A F n 2 2 hreshold t 2 2 c 2 2 hreshold t Hz Hz 12 14 10 10 2 2 cm cm 5/11/2011 23 New Energy Times Archives
Nuclear Transmutations V: Nuclear Sequences are of the form shown below. 1 A A n X X Z Z A A Y Y e 1 Z Z e 5/11/2011 24 New Energy Times Archives
Nuclear Transmutations VI: Transmuted Deposit on the Cathode after Prolonged Discharge glow Grain Size ~ 10microns 5/11/2011 25 New Energy Times Archives
Nuclear Transmutations VII: 5/11/2011 26 New Energy Times Archives
Nuclear Transmutations VIII: Neutrons Have Now Been Directly Observed 5/11/2011 27 New Energy Times Archives
Conclusions: • Two Kinds of Water in Chemical Cells • Electrolysis is slowed down during glow discharge. • Glow discharges excite cathode surface plasma modes • Neutrons and Nuclear Transmutations are observed. • Agreement between theory and experiment. • The detailed analysis regarding these chemical cells as a nuclear power source is under investigation. 5/11/2011 28 New Energy Times Archives
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