Level of skill (%) 80 70 Day 7 60 50 40 Northern hemisphere - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

100 Day 3 90 Day 5 Level of skill (%) 80 70 Day 7 60 50 40 Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere 30 85 90 95 00 05 Year

concentration (ppm by volume) 380 370 Atmospheric CO 2 360 350 Mauna Loa 340 South Pole 330 320 310 5860 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 0002 Year

North฀ Pole South฀ Pole R E c o s φ λ P λ = r 0 φ O φ = 0 E q u a t o r

Fig. 1.6 is unavailable due to permission restriction.

160 140 Height above sea level (km) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 –8 10 –7 10 –6 10 –5 10 –4 10 –3 10 –2 10 –1 10 2 10 3 1 10 Pressure (hPa) Density (g m –3 ) Mean free path (m)

100 0.001 Thermosphere 90 80 0.01 Mesopause 70 0.1 Pressure (hPa) 60 Mesosphere Height (km) 50 1 Stratopause 40 Stratosphere 10 30 20 100 Tropopause 10 300 Troposphere 0 1000 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Temperature (K)

[Photograph courtesy of Rose Toomer and Bureau of Meteorology, Australia.]

–20 100 –80 –40 –60 - 0.00 0.01 80 Pressure (hPa) –100 Height (km) –80 –60 0.1 –40 60 –20 0 1 0 –40 40 –20 –60 10 –60 –40 –70 20 100 –40 –60 –20 0 20 –40 0 1000 90 70 50 30 10 10 30 50 70 90 Equator Summer hemisphere Winter hemisphere W 100 0.001 0.01 80 Pressure (hPa) Height (km) 0.1 E W 60 1 40 10 20 100 W W 0 1000 90 ° 70 ° 50 ° 30 ° 10 ° 10 ° 30 ° 50 ° 70 ° 90 ° Equator Summer hemisphere Winter hemisphere

anticyclones H H SP NP L L cyclones

North Pole L L Tropospheric J jet stream H H H Hadley cells H H H J L L

North Pole L H Equator

Pacific and H Atlantic Oceans ITCZ Equator H Monsoon Indian Equator Ocean

60N W W 30N T T 0 M T T 30S W 60S 60N w 30N T 0 M T T 30S W 60S 60E 120E 180 120W 60W 0 20 m s –1

60N L L H H 30N 0 H 30S 60S L 60N H H 30N 0 H H 30S L 60S 120W 60 E 120 E 180 60W 0 20 m s –1

1.22 Houze Cb photo

[Photograph courtesy of Brooks Martner, NOAA.] Fig. 1.24 Billows along the top of this cloud layer reveal the

[Photograph฀courtesy฀of฀Patrick฀McCracken,฀ NASA฀Headquarters.]

60N 30N 0 30S 60S 60E 120E 180 120W 60W 0 60N 30N 0 30S 60S 60E 120E 180 120W 60W 0 0 100 200 300 400 500

48N 46N 44N 42N 40N 38N 36N 34N 32N 124W 122W 120W 118W116W 114W122W 110W 108W 106W 104W 102W100W 2 5 8 10 12 16 20 30 40 60 80 100