Leslie N. Sturmer Leslie N. Sturmer University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service Charles M Adams Charles M Adams Charles M. Adams Charles M. Adams University of Florida Food and Resource Economics Department University of Florida Food and Resource Economics Department John E. Supan John E. Supan Louisiana State University Office of Sea Grant Development L Louisiana State University Office of Sea Grant Development L i i i i St t St t U i U i it it Offi Offi f S f S G G t D t D l l t t
Florida Hard Clam Aquaculture Florida Hard Clam Aquaculture q Development Development • Industry developed Industry developed rapidly over past rapidly over past decade due to: decade due to: decade due to: decade due to: – Successful job Successful job retraining programs for retraining programs for fishermen fishermen fi h fi h – Excellent leasing Excellent leasing program & regulatory program & regulatory g g g g framework framework – Almost year Almost year- -round round growing conditions growing conditions growing conditions growing conditions
Florida Hard Clam Aquaculture Florida Hard Clam Aquaculture q Status Status • 450 small 450 small- -scale scale growout businesses growout businesses located on over 1700 located on over 1700 located on over 1700 located on over 1700 acres of state acres of state- -owned owned submerged lands submerged lands • $16M farm gate sales $16M farm gate sales reported for 1999 reported for 1999 • $34M economic $34M $34M economic $34M i i impact estimated for impact estimated for 1999 1999 1999 1999
Florida Hard Clam Aquaculture Florida Hard Clam Aquaculture q Production, 1987 - Production, 1987 - 1999* 1999* 150 134 duced 125 99 99 ms Prod 100 illions) 75 43 43 (mi o. of Cla 50 38 25 9 9 6 6 2 2 No 0 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 S Survey Year Y *Source: Florida Aquaculture Surveys, Florida Agricultural Statistics Service, 1988 - 2000
Florida Hard Clam Aquaculture Florida Hard Clam Aquaculture q Seed Plantings, 1988 Seed Plantings, 1988 - - 2000* 2000* 500 ntings 422 400 306 306 Seed Plan 285 millions) 300 228 170 200 200 (m No. of S 69 88 87 118 100 16 24 47 37 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 S Survey Year Y *Source: Florida Aquaculture Surveys, Florida Agricultural Statistics Service, 1990 - 2000
Application of Remote Setting Techniques Application of Remote Setting Techniques pp pp g g q q Rationale Rationale • Adequate seed availability Adequate seed availability a major industry concern a major industry concern • Critical seed shortages in Critical seed shortages in g recent years coupled with recent years coupled with increased prices increased prices • Growers become less Growers become less Growers become less Growers become less dependent upon traditional dependent upon traditional seed sources seed sources • Greater chance of success Greater chance of success Greater chance of success Greater chance of success by incorporating another by incorporating another step into existing step into existing businesses businesses businesses businesses
Florida Land Florida Land- -Based Clam Nurseries Based Clam Nurseries Status Status • About 90 nurseries About 90 nurseries operational statewide operational statewide • Simple in design and Simple in design and operation operation • 1 mm seed obtained 1 mm seed obtained from hatcheries from hatcheries nursed to a field nursed to a field d t d t fi ld fi ld plantable size of 4 plantable size of 4- -6 6 mm SL mm SL mm SL mm SL
Florida Land Florida Land- -Based Clam Nurseries Based Clam Nurseries Status Status • Lowers initial seed Lowers initial seed cost cost • Added costs of • Added costs of Added costs of Added costs of equipment, electricity, equipment, electricity, and labor and labor • Increases availability Increases availability of seed of seed • Helps alleviate seed Helps alleviate seed shortages shortages
Remote Setting Techniques Remote Setting Techniques g g q q Status Status • Established in Pacific Established in Pacific Northwest during 1970s Northwest during 1970s – Pacific oyster P Pacific oyster P ifi ifi t t – Manila clam Manila clam • C • Competent pediveliger C Competent pediveliger t t t t di di li li larvae mass produced larvae mass produced in hatcheries in hatcheries atc e es atc e es • Shipped to growers for Shipped to growers for setting at “remote” setting at “remote” locations locations
Application of Remote Setting Techniques Application of Remote Setting Techniques pp pp g g q q Objectives Objectives • Determine feasibility of transferring remote Determine feasibility of transferring remote setting technology from Pacific Northwest setting technology from Pacific Northwest molluscan shellfish industry to hard clam molluscan shellfish industry to hard clam y aquaculture industry in Florida aquaculture industry in Florida • D • Develop and demonstrate technical procedures Develop and demonstrate technical procedures D l l d d d d t t t t t t h i h i l l d d for remote setting of hard clams for remote setting of hard clams • Compare costs to nursery operation of producing Compare costs to nursery operation of producing 1 mm clam seed in a remote set facility as 1 mm clam seed in a remote set facility as opposed opposed opposed to purchasing 1 mm seed from opposed to purchasing 1 mm seed from to purchasing 1 mm seed from to purchasing 1 mm seed from hatchery hatchery
Clam Pediveliger Larvae Clam Pediveliger Larvae g Hatchery Production Hatchery Production • Pediveligers obtained Pediveligers obtained from commercial from commercial hatcheries hatcheries hatcheries hatcheries – 1 out 1 out- -of of- -state state – 2 in 2 in- -state state • Competency Competency determined by determined by – Size (150 Size (150 220 µm) Size (150-220 µm) Size (150 220 µm) 220 µm) – Presence of foot Presence of foot – Activity Activity
Clam Pediveliger Larvae Clam Pediveliger Larvae g Preparation and Shipment Preparation and Shipment • Screened on 130 µm sieve Screened on 130 µm sieve • Volumetrically subsampled Volumetrically subsampled and counted and counted and counted and counted • Placed on shipping Placed on shipping material material – moist coffee filters moist coffee filte s moist coffee filte s moist coffee filters – paper towels paper towels • Refrigerated (45 Refrigerated (45° g g ( ( °F) for 2 F) for 2- ) -3 3 hours hours • Packaged in shipping box Packaged in shipping box with gel packs with gel packs with gel packs with gel packs • Shipped overnight Shipped overnight
Remote Setting Facility Remote Setting Facility Remote Setting Facility Remote Setting Facility • Components: • Components: Components: Components: – Fiberglass Fiberglass tank tank tank tank • 250 gallons 250 gallons – Sand filter Sand filter – Bag filters Bag filters • 25 µm 25 µm • 100 µm 100 µm 00 00 – Aeration Aeration – Airlift pumps Airlift pumps Airlift pumps Airlift pumps
Remote Setting Facility Remote Setting Facility Remote Setting Facility Remote Setting Facility • Downweller sizes • Downweller sizes Downweller sizes Downweller sizes (24” diameter): (24” diameter): – 120 µm 120 µm – 200 µm 200 µm 200 µm 200 µm – 425 µm 425 µm – 710 µm 710 µm • Sieve sizes: Sieve sizes: – 230 µm 230 µm – 500 µm 500 µm µ – 780 µm 780 µm
Remote Setting Field Trials Remote Setting Field Trials g Florida Locations Florida Locations New Smyrna Beach New Smyrna Beach (NSB) (NSB) Merritt Island Merritt Island Cedar Key Cedar Key Cedar Key Cedar Key Hatchery Hatchery Hatchery Hatchery (CK) (CK) (HAT) (HAT)
Remote Setting Field Trials Remote Setting Field Trials Procedures Procedures • Stocking: Stocking: g – 3M PVs per tank, or 1M per 3M PVs per tank, or 1M per weller (350/cm 2 of screen) weller (350/cm of screen) • Flow rates: Flow rates: – Water: 2 Water: 2- -5 gpm 5 gpm – Airlifts: 1 Airlifts: 1- -2 lpm 2 lpm • Cleaning: • Cleaning: Cleaning: Cleaning: – Seed and tank: daily Seed and tank: daily – Backflush filter: 1 Backflush filter: 1- -2x daily 2x daily – Change bag filters: 1 Change bag filters: 1 2x Change bag filters: 1 Change bag filters: 1-2x 2x 2x daily daily – Wellers: 2x weekly Wellers: 2x weekly • Sieving • Sieving Sieving Sieving : – Weekly Weekly
Remote Setting Field Trials Remote Setting Field Trials Measurements Measurements • Water Quality: • Water Quality: Water Quality: Water Quality: – Temperature: daily Temperature: daily – Salinity: daily Salinity: daily y y y y – Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a a: 2x weekly : 2x weekly • Sieving: Sieving: – Volume by sizes: weekly Volume by sizes: weekly – Estimate of seed Estimate of seed > >780 µm 780 µm size: weekly size: weekly size: weekly size: weekly • Operation & Maintenance: Operation & Maintenance: – Man Man- -hours hours
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