Lecture 11 – HCI History Terry Winograd CS147 - Introduction to Human-Computer Interaction Design Computer Science Department Stanford University Autumn 2006 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 1
Learning Goals • Be familiar with the development of the major strands of interaction design and the technologies underlying them • Gain an appreciation for the research, development and thought that went into the interfaces which today seem so mundane and commonplace • Have a perspective on where things are going at the moment and likely to continue in the future CS147 - Terry Winograd - 2
Generations of Human-Computer Interaction (Nielsen++) • Pre-history – to 1945 • Pioneer – 1945-55 • Historical – 1955-65 • Traditional – 1965-80 • Modern – 1980-90 • Web – 1990-… • Mobile/Ubiquitous – 1990-… CS147 - Terry Winograd - 3
Pre-history • Precursors (Babbage, Jacquard Loom, ...) • Plugboards and Punchcards • Tabulating machines, calculators,.. • Communications – Teletype, Fax,… CS147 - Terry Winograd - 4
Jacquard Loom (1804) Babbage Difference Engine (1849) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 5
Hollerith Punch Cards (1890) Hollerith Electric Tabulator, US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 1908, Photograph by Waldon Fawcett. Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-45687. CS147 - Terry Winograd - 6
Teletype (ca. 1910) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 7
Prehistory: Key Advances • Ability for a mechanism to follow a sequence of operations according to pre- programmed instructions • Digital encoding of information (both text content and instructions on what to do) • Transmission of digital information CS147 - Terry Winograd - 8
Pioneer (1945-1955) • Stored program computers (Von Neumann) • Complex electromechanical control systems (eg., bomb controls, aircraft controls…) – Primary Interaction Mode: A person is playing a part in controlling a complex realtime system. The interface is designed to provide information and control possibilities that are suited to the limitations of human performance and the demands of the task. • Key Advances – Programmable digital computers – Systematic study of human factors CS147 - Terry Winograd - 9
Historical (1955-1965) • Specialized computers and interaction modes, often for a single highly trained user • Integrated systems (e.g., air defense / SAGE) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 10
Spacewar MIT PDP-1 (1960) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 11
Lincoln Labs TX-2 Sketchpad (1962) Ivan Sutherland - MIT CS147 - Terry Winograd - 12
Sage Air Defense (1963) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 13
Historical: Key Advances • Real-time interactive systems • First interactive computer games • Graphic interaction CS147 - Terry Winograd - 14
Traditional 1965-1980 • Mainframe – Batch Processing • Time Sharing – Command Dialog CS147 - Terry Winograd - 15
Batch Processing • A user prepares data off line, submits it for a "run", and is given back an off line version of the results. Cycle time can be short but in many installations was hours or days. • The computer ran one job after another without waiting for users to do anything • Interaction through card decks and printouts • Batch processing facilitated the efficient use of computers without waiting for human input CS147 - Terry Winograd - 16
Time Sharing Text Command Line Interaction login as: winograd winograd@graphics's password: Last login: Tue Sep 20 15:22:48 2005 from xtz.stanford.edu *********************** * Welcome to SULinux! * * Authorized Use Only * *********************** Hint: run /usr/sbin/sulinux to reconfigure at any time Graphics> echo "hello world" hello world Graphics> connect to the web connect: Command not found. Graphics> help help: Command not found. Graphics> rm –R * Graphics> CS147 - Terry Winograd - 17
Full-Screen Interaction • Machine provides a pre-planned structure (often branching) of screens with blanks to be filled in and menus that offer options to go to other screens. User fills in the blanks, use menu to go to other screens • Early embodiment in 3270 terminals • Common in data entry, service jobs, etc. • This was the interaction style for most early Web pages, including most uses of forms CS147 - Terry Winograd - 18
Key Advances: Historical • Spread of computers to industry and government • Real-time data entry • Control over writing on screens • Interactive applications CS147 - Terry Winograd - 20
Modern (1980-1995) • Personal Computers • Graphical User Interface (GUI) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 21
Personal Computers • Early small hobbyist computers – MITS Altair (Roberts, 1975) – Apple I, (Jobs and Wozniak, 1976) • Commercialized personal computers – Apple II, 1977 – IBM PC 1981 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 22
Altair (1975) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 23
Apple I (1976) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 24
Key Advances: Hobbyist computers • Machines cheap enough to be used by someone other than government and big business or research labs • Created the opportunity for a wide number of developers to start building software – Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote version of BASIC for MITS Altair – giving Microsoft its start CS147 - Terry Winograd - 25
Commercialized Personal Computers Apple II, 1977 IBM PC 1981 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 26
Visicalc (1979) and Lotus 1-2-3 (1980) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 27
Key Advances : Commercial PCs • Apple II, 1977 – Key advances: First general purpose personal computer used widely in business (because of VisiCalc) • IBM PC, 1981 – Key advances: Making the PC respectable to business in general by putting the IBM label on it • Features – Character terminal – Text UI standards (IBM CUA) – Graphics: non-standard CS147 - Terry Winograd - 28
Graphical User Interface (GUI) • Bitmapped screen – pixels rather than characters • WYSYWIG (What You See is What You Get) • Direct Manipulation • WIMP (Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 29
Precursor - Augment (Engelbart, 1968) • Key advances: Mouse, direct manipulation of text, outlining, word processing, hyperlinking, multi-function integration CS147 - Terry Winograd - 30
Augment at SRI (ca. 1965) CS147 - Terry Winograd - 31
Xerox PARC Graphical Workstations Star (commercial product), 1981 Alto (research prototype), 1973 CS147 - Terry Winograd - 32
Xerox Star (1981) • Introduced windows commercially, $17K • Key advances: Integrated networked document environment, WYSYWIG text editing, icons, property sheets, window management, ... – Unique design process (8 years of prototyping) � Design first, then code � Objects&Actions � Graphic designers CS147 - Terry Winograd - 33
Apple Lisa (1983) • Apple’s first bitmapped-GUI computer • Inspired by Alto (not Star) – 1-button mouse • Key advances: – Menu bar (instead of pop-up menus) • But: underpowered, bad marketing ($10K)
Apple Macintosh (1984) • Lisa follow-up • Key advances: – GUI affordable to huge new user community – First commercially successful WIMP system, $2500 – Hypercard for mass authoring – Most consistent commercial WIMP UI • Macintosh Human Interface Guidelines • Apple Evangelists CS147 - Terry Winograd - 35
Hypercard
GUI Software Platforms • Windows 3.0, 95, 98, NT, XP, Vista… – Brought GUIs to the mass market • Macintosh OS7,8,9, OSX, Cheetah, Puma, Jaguar, Panther, Tiger, Leopard… – One step ahead • Variants – Open Look, Motif, Gnome, NextStep,, BeOS, … The paradigm is basically stable. What’s next? CS147 - Terry Winograd - 37
Key Advances: GUI Workstations • Xerox Alto (1973) – Menus, windows, pointing, dragging, etc. as we now know them • Xerox Star (1981) – Integrated networked document environment with many of the features we now take for granted: WYSYWIG text editing, icons, property sheets, window management, etc. – Unique design process (8 years of prototyping) • Apple Lisa (1983), Macintosh (1984) – Made the GUI interface affordable and usable to a huge new community of users. CS147 - Terry Winograd - 38
Web Interfaces (1990-…) • World Wide Web, Berners Lee, 1990 • First Graphic browser – Mosaic – NCSA - University of Illinois, 1993 • Search Engine – Webcrawler, Lycos, Altavista…1993-95 – Google, 1998 • Graphic design (Director, Flash,…) – http://www.adobe.com/products/flash/flashpro/producti nfo/features/ • Rich Web Interfaces 2000… CS147 - Terry Winograd - 39
NCSA Mosaic
Key Advances: Web interfaces • First Generation – browsers and full screen interaction – Universal access to sites irrespective of location or computing platform • Second Generation – Better visual design (e.g, CSS, Flash, multimedia,…) – Aesthetic control and impact • Web 2.0 – Browser as powerful client, accessing web-based services – Integrated networked-based applications that leverage large-scale services (search, maps, etc.) – Blurs boundary between applications and web CS147 - Terry Winograd - 43
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