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CSE 440: Introduction to HCI User Interface Design, Prototyping, and Evaluation Lecture 17: James Fogarty HCI History Alex Fiannaca Lauren Milne Saba Kawas Kelsey Munsell Tuesday/Thursday 12:00 to 1:20 Today For Presentations PowerPoint

  1. CSE 440: Introduction to HCI User Interface Design, Prototyping, and Evaluation Lecture 17: James Fogarty HCI History Alex Fiannaca Lauren Milne Saba Kawas Kelsey Munsell Tuesday/Thursday 12:00 to 1:20

  2. Today For Presentations PowerPoint or PDF Mind Your Time Limits Reading Due Friday Video Prototypes Due Tuesday

  3. Today Presentations on Thursday Neat Poliscope SchoolView Sitless SmartClothing Timeout Presentations on Friday Morning Balance Ecotopia FoodPic MiPhone Social Reconnection TagLine No Section Friday Afternoon

  4. Exam Grading and Review Exams will not be returned Can inspect your exam during James’s office hours Consistent grading process Put your time into your remaining assignments Redundant data entry process There are no mistakes in tallying your points

  5. Why do we do HCI in CSE? Every engineering discipline includes the study of breakdowns and the design of improved solutions that address those breakdowns

  6. Tacoma Narrows

  7. O-Rings

  8. O-Rings

  9. Tractors • Slide Saul Greenberg

  10. Tractors • Slide Saul Greenberg

  11. Tractors National Agricultural Safety Database Quotes Older tractors with narrow front ends are easily upset Tractor upsets cause more fatalities than other farm accidents Injuries often include a broken or crushed pelvis • Slide Saul Greenberg

  12. Tractors Tractor upsets used to be dismissed as driver error But such accidents are less frequent because modern designs have: roll cage low center of gravity wider wheel bases • Slide Saul Greenberg

  13. Human Factors Tradition Emerges during and after WWII, as highly trained people are failing to effectively control the machinery they operate (pilots are crashing planes) The phrase “human factors” now often has a connotation of studying factory workers, ergonomics, or other physical tasks (ask me about Grudin article if you’re interested)

  14. 1988: Iran Air Flight 655 In 1987, USS Stark was struck by two missiles launched by an Iraqi Mirage F-1, killing 37 with no weapons fired in self-defense during the attack. In 1988, the crew of the USS Vincennes Combat Information Center confusingly reported the plane as ascending and descending at the same time (there were two "camps").

  15. 1988: Iran Air Flight 655 The Airbus‘s original track, number 4474, had been replaced by the Sides track, number 4131, when the computer briefly recognized them as one and the same. Shortly thereafter, track 4474 was re-assigned by the system to an American A-6, several hundred miles away, following a descending course at the time. Apparently not all the crew in the CIC realized the track number had been switched on them.

  16. Why do we do HCI in CSE? Every engineering discipline includes the study of breakdowns and the design of improved solutions that address those breakdowns Understanding how and why human interaction breaks down is fundamental to designing better computing systems This study must include computer scientists, as we are the ones creating the technology

  17. A History Question Who invented hypertext? When?

  18. Computing in 1945 Harvard Mark I, 55 feet long, 8 feet high, 5 tons

  19. Computing in 1945 Harvard Mark I, 55 feet long, 8 feet high, 5 tons

  20. Computing in 1945 Ballistics calculations Physical switches (no microprocessor) Paper tape Simple arithmetic & fixed calculations (before programs) 3 sec. to multiply

  21. Computing in 1945 First computer bug (Harvard Mark II) Adm. Grace Murray Hopper

  22. A Little About Vannevar Bush Name rhymes with “Beaver” Faculty member at MIT Coordinated WWII effort with 6000 US scientists Social contract for science Federal government funds universities Universities do basic research Research helps economy and defense

  23. As We May Think Published in the Atlantic Monthly in 1945 http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/print/1945/07/as-we-may-think/3881/ Motivated in part by defining a scientific grand challenge as WWII was ending

  24. As We May Think “There is a growing mountain of research. … The investigator is staggered by the findings and conclusions of thousands of other workers — conclusions which he cannot find time to grasp, much less to remember, as they appear. Yet specialization becomes increasingly necessary for progress, and the effort to bridge between disciplines is correspondingly superficial.”

  25. As We May Think “The world has arrived at an age of cheap complex devices of great reliability; and something is bound to come of it.” “Had a Pharaoh been given detailed and explicit designs of an automobile, and had he understood them completely, it would have taxed the resources of his kingdom to have fashioned the thousands of parts for a single car, and that car would have broken down on the first trip to Giza.”

  26. MicroPhotography Describes a combination of photocells, facsimile transmission, and electron beam technology Enables capturing a photograph into micro form “It would be a brave man who would predict that such a process will always remain clumsy, slow, and faulty in detail.”

  27. MicroPhotography “Assume a linear ratio of 100 for future use. Consider film of the same thickness as paper, although thinner film will certainly be usable. Even under these conditions there would be a total factor of 10,000 between the bulk of the ordinary record on books, and its microfilm replica. The Encyclopedia Britannica could be reduced to the volume of a matchbox. A library of a million volumes could be compressed into one end of a desk.”

  29. Memex

  30. Memex “If the user wishes to consult a certain book, he taps its code on the keyboard…” “Frequently -used codes are mnemonic, so that he seldom consults his code book;” “He can add marginal notes and comments … even … by a stylus scheme” “All this is conventional…”

  31. Memex “It affords an immediate step, however, to associative indexing” “tying two items together is the important thing” “Before him are the two items to be joined, projected onto adjacent viewing positions. At the bottom of each there are a number of blank code spaces, and a pointer is set to indicate one of these on each item. The user taps a single key, and the items are permanently joined.”

  32. Memex “Thereafter, at any time, when one of these items is in view, the other can be instantly recalled merely by tapping a button below the corresponding code space. Moreover, when numerous items have been thus joined together to form a trail, they can be reviewed in turn, rapidly or slowly, by deflecting a lever like that used for turning the pages of a book.”

  33. Memex “Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.” Memex is the first proposed hypertext system

  34. A History Question Who invented desktop computing? When?

  35. Macintosh in 1984 is well known http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/Apple1984.mp4

  36. Macintosh in 1984 is well known http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/Apple1984.mp4

  37. Alan Kay on Early Interface Work Narrator is Alan Kay, speaking in 1987 This video is almost 20 years old It was a historical account when it was filmed Speaks to four sytems Sketchpad NLS GRAIL Dynabook http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/AlanKay1987.m4v

  38. Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/AlanKay1987-Sketchpad.m4v

  39. Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/AlanKay1987-Sketchpad.m4v

  40. Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad When do we think this was done?

  41. Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad When do we think this was done?

  42. Ivan Sutherland’s Sketchpad When do we think this was done? 1962 Windows Constraints (i.e., non-procedural) Prototype/Instance Inheritance (i.e., object-oriented)

  43. Doug Engelbart’s NLS (Online System) http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/AlanKay1987-NLS.m4v

  44. Doug Engelbart’s NLS (Online System) http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/AlanKay1987-NLS.m4v

  45. Doug Engelbart’s NLS (Online System) When do we think this was done?

  46. Doug Engelbart’s NLS (Online System) When do we think this was done? 1968 Invention of the mouse First working hypertext system Chording keyboard to reduce hand movement Remote collaboration Analog Mouse leads to heavy moding Reactions include accusations of “faking it” and claims of irrelevance because “terminal can do that”

  47. GRAIL http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/AlanKay1987-GRAIL.m4v

  48. GRAIL http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/AlanKay1987-GRAIL.m4v

  49. GRAIL When do we think this was done?

  50. GRAIL When do we think this was done? 1968 Window handles Modeless interaction via direct action Gesture recognition Proposed for end-user programming via flow charts

  51. Dynabook http://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse440/videos/history/AlanKay1987-Dynabook.m4v

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