Learning and cooperation for Learning and cooperation for - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Learning and cooperation for Learning and cooperation for innovation at local level: innovation at local level: conceptual aspects conceptual aspects and indicators of RedeSist RedeSist and indicators of Ana Lúcia Tatsch Tatsch Ana Lúcia Rodolfo Torres Rodolfo Torres Sérgio Almeida Sérgio Almeida José Eduardo Cassiolato José Eduardo Cassiolato

Aims Aims ■ Aim of the paper: Aim of the paper: ■ ■ 1 1 - - a conceptual discussion of evaluating a conceptual discussion of evaluating ■ learning and cooperation in local productive learning and cooperation in local productive arrangements. arrangements. ■ 2 2 - - develop a set of indicators for measuring develop a set of indicators for measuring ■ cooperation and learning. cooperation and learning. 2

Redesist Methodology of Methodology of Redesist Empirical Studies in LPA Empirical Studies in LPA ■ This questionnaire is divided into five sections This questionnaire is divided into five sections ■ ■ 1- - describes some basic characteristics of the firm, such describes some basic characteristics of the firm, such as the size and number of employees. as the size and number of employees. ■ 2 2- - discusses more deeply some aspects of the discusses more deeply some aspects of the ■ production process and employee’ ’s capabilities. s capabilities. production process and employee ■ 3 3- - captures the main issues related to innovation, captures the main issues related to innovation, ■ cooperation and learning cooperation and learning ■ 4 4- - evaluates the local externalities of the LPA. evaluates the local externalities of the LPA. ■ ■ 5 5- - discusses the impact of public policies to the discusses the impact of public policies to the ■ performance of the firm. performance of the firm.

Redesist Methodology of Methodology of Redesist Empirical Studies in LPA Empirical Studies in LPA � The third section of the questionnaire is the base to the The third section of the questionnaire is the base to the � proposal of indicators of learning and cooperation in local proposal of indicators of learning and cooperation in local productive arrangement. productive arrangement. � Four questions analyze the innovation process of the firms Four questions analyze the innovation process of the firms � � One question evaluates the origin of the information to the One question evaluates the origin of the information to the � learning process. learning process. � Other questions discuss the cooperation of the firm in the Other questions discuss the cooperation of the firm in the � local productive arrangement. local productive arrangement. � All of these questions, ask the firm to show the intensity of All of these questions, ask the firm to show the intensity of � the interactions and the strength of the relationship with the interactions and the strength of the relationship with other agents in LPA. other agents in LPA. 4

Main Features of Indicators Main Features of Indicators � Cooperation and learning are magnitudes which Cooperation and learning are magnitudes which � should be expressed as a measure of intensity should be expressed as a measure of intensity � Cooperation and learning are not countable Cooperation and learning are not countable � magnitudes, that is, they cannot be viewed as a magnitudes, that is, they cannot be viewed as a absolute measure. absolute measure. ■ The result is featured in the interval between 0 and The result is featured in the interval between 0 and ■ 1.(indicating an intensity measure of the attribute). 1.(indicating an intensity measure of the attribute). ■ The values are calculated for each firm, so the final The values are calculated for each firm, so the final ■ result considers the mean of the LPA`s firms. result considers the mean of the LPA`s firms. 5

Section III - - Question 8: cooperation Question 8: cooperation activities activities Section III class 1 Importance Formalization Location suppliers 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 clients 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 competitors 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 joint ventures 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 class 2 Universities 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 Research Centers 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 Institutes for Capacitation 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 class 3 Unions 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 Financial Institutions 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4

Indicators Indicators � Indicator of the degree of importance of Indicator of the degree of importance of � cooperation cooperation � Indicator of degree of formalization Indicator of degree of formalization � � Indicator of degree of endogenous cooperation Indicator of degree of endogenous cooperation �

Indicator of importance of cooperation Indicator of importance of cooperation k = 1 n ∑ i 1 , 2 ,..., n = = C I l ; j 1 , 2 ,..., n Classes of agents: (1) (class) (agents) j k 3 = l 1 1 n ~ = ∑ S P = C C S i Firm: (2) I I P (we will assume, for simplification, that where n = i 3) j i j j n = j 1 ~ 1 n ~ ∑ = C C I I Arrangement: (3) A i n = i 1 ~ ≤ ≤ n follows that C 0 I 1 ≤ ≤ l , i In such a way that, as 0 1 A 3

Indicator of degree of formalization Indicator of degree of formalization ( ) k 1 n ∑ = − FMC F I l 2 n Class of agents: (1) j l k 3 = l 1 n ∑ FMC S I P i j j ~ = = FMC j 1 I Firm: (2) ~ i C I i n ~ 1 ~ ∑ = FMC FMC I I Arrangement: (3) A i n = i 1 ~ ~ ≤ ≤ FMC Note that, as follows logically that 0 ≤ ≤ I 1. FMC 0 I 1 i A ~ ~ + = INFC FMC I I 1 A A

Indicator of endogenous cooperation Indicator of endogenous cooperation 1 ∑ j n k i , l φ L ( n ) i , l k 3 = = EC I l 1 Class Agents (1) (a) i , j C I i , j ( ) 1 = − φ L L ( n ) 4 n where , l l 3 n ~ ∑ = S EC EC I I P i Firm (2) (b) i j j = j 1 n ~ 1 ~ ∑ = EC EC I I Arrangement (3) (c); A i n = i 1 ~ ≤ ≤ n EC 0 I 1 follows, from (a), (b) and (c), that ≤ ≤ l , i - 0 1 . Note that, as A 3

Section III - - Question 6: fonts of information to Question 6: fonts of information to Section III learning process learning process class 1 Importance Formalization Location suppliers 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 clients 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 competitors 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 joint ventures 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 other firms of the sector 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 subsidiaries 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 consulting firms 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 class 2 Universities 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 Research Centers 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 Capacitation Institutes 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 class 3 Conferences 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 Workshops 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 Internet 0 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4

Indicator Indicator Indicator which explicates how locally the � Indicator which explicates how locally the � learning processes are accomplished by the learning processes are accomplished by the firms: Indicator of firms: Indicator of endogenous learning endogenous learning

Indicator of endogenous learning endogenous learning Indicator of 1 ∑ S p n i , l φ L ( n ) i , l p 3 Π = = L l 1 Source agent (1) : i , s I L i , s ( ) 1 = − φ L L ( n ) 4 n where i , l i , l 3 h ~ ∑ Firm (2) : Π = Π L L S P i (18) i i , s s = s 1 n 1 ~ ~ ∑ Π = Π L L Arrangement (3): (19). A i n = i 1 ~ ∈ [ ] Π L 0 , 1 As 0 and from (18) that . ≤ Π ≤ L 1 A , i s

Conclusion Conclusion � The indicators proposed in this paper aim at The indicators proposed in this paper aim at � characterizing and evaluating the intensity of characterizing and evaluating the intensity of cooperation in local productive arrangement. cooperation in local productive arrangement. The future steps of the research will be the proposal The future steps of the research will be the proposal � � of cross indicators (for example intensity of of cross indicators (for example intensity of cooperation versus degree of endogenous cooperation versus degree of endogenous cooperation). . cooperation) � Moreover, by using these indicators will be possible Moreover, by using these indicators will be possible � to evaluate differences among the local productive to evaluate differences among the local productive arrangements studied. arrangements studied.