Stainless Steel Service Pipe Prevents Water Leaks Pump Centre Conference 2018, Telford, 3 May 2018
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NI’s four priorities and strategic objectives • Nickel Classifications Management : Obtain classifications based on sound science for nickel metal and nickel containing chemicals • Standards and Compliance for Health and Environment : Ensure appropriate science-based health and environment standards for nickel and nickel-containing chemicals globally • Life Cycle Management : Demonstrate nickel’s valuable and lifelong contribution to the economy and society • Promotion and Market Development : Build the nickel brand and grow markets for nickel containing material; support existing and new uses Supporting the market for nickel 3
Mem ember Companies AngloAmerican Marketing Ltd AngloAmerican Platinum GNC Holdings Vale Canada Limited PT Vale Indonesia Tbk Vale Japan Limited Leading nickel producers 4
Leakage Rate in Major Cities An average of 35 – 40% water is wasted in India 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% * Source : OECD (Water Governance In Cities, 2014) 5
Water Loss Problems • 25 – 30% non-revenue water in most parts of the world • Some areas with more than 50% • Waste of precious water resource • Waste of water treatment, chemicals • Waste of electricity (4% of global electricity used in water supply) • Need for additional infrastructure • Need for additional dams and reservoirs Other problems of water leaks: • Secondary damage due to flooding, road collapse, water damage • Hygienic concerns, ingress of contaminants at low pressure • High cost of maintenance to fix leaks 6
Most Leakage Cases are in Service Pipes TAIPEI TOKYO Water Submains Mains Mains 5% 3.9% 0.4% Service pipes Service 95% pipes 95.7% 7
High Leakage Rate in Service Pipes • Material degradation (old systems) • Length of service pipe • Many joints • Joints are prone to leakage due to earthquakes, traffic, earth settling Source: Taipei Water Department 8
Solution: Corrugated Stainless Steel Pipe 9
Service Pipe Connects Main with Water Meter Source: Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government 10
Corrugated Stainless Steel Service Pipe Easy to install and much less prone to leakage Source: Tokyo Suido Services 11
Advantages of Corrugated Stainless Steel Service Pipe • Hygienic • Non-reactive with water (non-leaching) • Corrosion resistant • Long service life (100+ years) • Fewer connections, less prone to leakage • Strong, so connections can be tightened and slip-off force is high • Bendable, flexible: • Resistant to earthquakes • Resistant to soil movement • Resistant to traffic vibrations • Resistant to accidental mechanical damage • Resistant to frost damage 12
Tokyo, Taipei and Seoul Case Studies
臺北管網改善與使用管材介紹 Upgraded Pipeline and Types of Pipes Used in Taipei 2015/8/5
Overview of North Water Sector Service Area: 434 km 2 Population: 3.88 M Households: 1.65 M Coverage: 99.60% Total distribution: 2.26 M CMD Supply to TWD: 1.97 M CMD Supply to TWC: 0.29 M CMD Annual Turnover: 4.9 B NTD Employment: 1,040 persons 3 Major purification plants Feitsui Reservoir
Water Supply Shortage in 2002 Level in Feitsui Reservoir Water Level (EL.M) upper limit160 lower limit 141 July 9 th Safe level for sufficient water supply: on July 9 th , 141m (EL.M) May13 th -128 3 rd stage, water supply control by area 117.5 Severe lower limit Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2012 Average level 1988- 2000 28.4% leakage rate in pipeline, plus only half of average rainfall in the Feitsui Reservoir region in 2012, resulted a 49-day intermittent water supply. -5-
Old Pipelines and Severe Leakage Taipei once keen on Unknown, redundant Service pipe Residual expanding the water pipe or inoperative pipes supply instead of controlling the water loss. Joint pipe Distribution pipe resulting in complicated pipelines, ageing and leakage Pipes are covered by Residual pipe other utilities’ lines
A Long-term Pipeline Upgrading Project To improve the performance of the pipelines, to reduce water loss and to prevent from water shortage suffered in 2002. Estimated budget: Present US$690 million mid-term long-term I II III IV 年 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Target rate of 22% 17% 13% 10% leakage This long-term leakage control project is planed to conclude within 20 years.
DMA Analysis Actual Water Revenue Rate of 450 DMAs, the low WRR areas are Wuanhua, Sanzhong, Zhongyong and old town Nearly 40% of these DMAs had Water Revenue Rate lower than 50%.
Taipei Failures: Pipe Materials and Cause 4% 2% 1% 1% 11% Water DIP Mains CIP-MJP 5% PVC PB 53% 28% GIP LP SSP 1,25% 1,25% Service pipes 1% 6% 95% 8% Corrosion Cracks • 80% of leakages occurred in plastic pipes Snap off • Among them, 28% in PB pipe, even if it accounts to O-rings only 3% in length, reflecting poor quality of PB Disconnected 83% material against leakage Excavation Others 20
Qualified Pipes Service pipes: Corrugated SS (below 50mm) With elbows Corrugated pipes Reduce the connections, reduce the rate of leaks Traditional 15 connections connections With corrugated pipes One elbow two joints Joints prone to leakage or breaking during earthquake Corrugated pipes Potential leakage down 20% Bendable, no joints, avoiding leakage 3 connections Bendable, deflect during earthquake
Achievement 213 區 213 DMAs have Improved Water Revenue Rate over 90% After Before
Reduction of Leakage After 9-year implementation, leakage is reduced by 10.28%. 30 27.51 26.70 28 28.44 26.99 26 25.77 2005-2014 24 24.19 漏 水 率 23.61 % 22 22.02 21.60 Leakage drop 20 20.51 10.28% 19.10 18 17.88 16 16.71 14 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12 '13 '14 年度 Mid-term Long-term
Less Leakages = No Water Shortage in Great Taipei Area Rain fall Fetsui Annual Annual over Leakage rate Reservoir Water Water Year Feitsui of TWD‘s Storage Supply to Supply to (x100 million) Reservoir network % TWD TWC (mm) 2002 1377 58% 28.44% 8.78 0.74 Intermittent 2014 1201 92% 16.70% 6.99 1.23 water supply Difference -176mm +34% -11.74% -1.79 +0.49 1.23 supplied to TWC Less rainfall, end of Water saved Leakage drop 2014 11.74% 0.56 in reservoir (Increasing reservoir capacity) Thanks to NRW drop Taipei has survived the severe drought without water shortage in 2014
Water Distribution – powerful arguments Tokyo example: • Decrease of the leakage rate from 15.4% to 2.2%: • USD 200 million pa • Decrease of the number of water leakage repair cases from 57,970 cases in 1980 to 9,774; • USD200 million pa • Advantage of long useful service life of stainless steel >100 year • USD 45million pa • CO 2 emissions – savings over 1980 emissions; • >700 k tonnes of CO 2 25
Water Distribution – powerful arguments Seoul example: • Decrease of the leakage rate from 27% to 2.5% • Decrease of the number of water leakage repair cases from around 60,000 cases to around 10,000 cases • Reduced water production from 7.3 m to 4.5 m CMD • Reduced the number of water treatment plants from 10 to 6 26
Asian Results: Leakage Rates Over Time 30% 25% Seoul Taipei 20% 15% Tokyo 10% 5% 0% 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Sources: Tokyo: Tokyo Waterworks Bureau; Seoul: Ministry of environment, Republic of Korea; Taipei: Taipei Water Department; Hong Kong: OECD report 来源：东京 - 东京水务局， 首尔 - 韩国环境部，台北 - 台北水务处，香港 - 经合组织报告 27
Thank you for your attention Nigel Ward – Senior Adviser, Nickel Institute Carol Powell – Consultant to Nickel Institute Richard Matheson – Director, Market Development, Nickel Institute Nicole Kinsman – Technical Director, IMOA
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