LBP-GaBi – Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung Gabi – LCM 2007 Zurich www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Linking Life Cycle Assessment and Material Flow Analysis for describing the Life Cycle Benefit of materials 3rd International Conference on Life Cycle Management August, 27th to 29th Zurich 2007 Robert Ilg www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Life Cycle Thinking Approaches for End-of-Life (EoL) allocation applied in practice How to take into account the life cycle benefit of materials, e.g. in LCA? Variety of End-of-Life allocation approaches available / applied in practice: • System boundary expansion by crediting Example: • Cut-off approach Material System boundary Material • Closed loop approach Production expansion by crediting Production • Value-correction • Open loop approach • Recycling potential Manufacturing Manufacturing • Cascade approach • Stock flow approach • … Use Use � Majority of these end-of-life methods have in common: Credit for Allocation of environmental burden over Credit for End of Life End of Life secondary product all product life cycles of the material secondary product according to specific rules www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Life Cycle Thinking Recycling rate – Definition in the context of product LCA How to take into account the life cycle benefit of materials, e.g. in LCA? • One of the key parameters to apply these end-of-life approaches is the recycling rate • Recycling rate to be considered in the context of product LCA studies is defined as: Amount of material recycled = per product applicatio n Recycling Rate per product applicatio n Amount of material introduced initially per product applicatio n • Recycling rate can also be determined as: = Recycling Rate End of Life collection rate * Recycling process yield per product apllicatio n per product applicatio n End-of-life collection rate definition: application-specific ratio of material collected compared to the material available for recycling www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Material Flow Analysis Definition How to address material flows ? Source: WRI, Matthews et al., 2000 • Addresses material and energy flows into, throughout and out of a system • Appropriate tool to outline the economy- or sector-wide material flows � Data basis within MFA is seen providing more precise and application-oriented data on end of life collection rates www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Recycling Rate … as decisive parameter for EoL considerations (Selection of) Available definitions of the recycling rate: *Definition A: Recycling Rate scrap + Yearly country pre - /post - consumer scrap consumptio n - Imports Exports * scrap = Recycling Rate Yearly arising of pre - / post consumer scrap in the country Definition B: Recycling Rate Amount of material recycled per product applicatio n = Recycling Rate per product applicatio n Amount of material introduced initially per product applicatio n • Sector specific recycling rate addresses product application in LCA • Economy/region wide consideration of MFA � Differences of system boundary and reference system definition The recycling rate to be considered within the EoL approaches of product related environmental assessments – due to the functional unit approach – is defined as follows: “Ratio of the amount of material recycled compared to the material introduced in the system initially.“ *Source: Iron, Steel and Aluminium in the UK:Material Flows and their Economic Dimensions; Joint Working Paper, Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, Guildford Policy Studies Institute, London, 2004 www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Describing the Life Cycle Benefit of Materials Example – EUROFER IPP Project The 2 sub-goals of the EUROFER IPP project are: • Collection and compilation of MFA data for the main steel sectors in Europe � To produce precise and acceptable results to describe and visualise the European steel flows • Calculation of precise data on EoL collection rates by focussing on the sector- specific recycling rates www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Describing the Life Cycle Benefit of Materials EUROFER IPP Project - Visualisation of European Steel Flows www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Describing the Life Cycle Benefit of Materials Application specific end of life collection rates What data is needed for calculating sector specific end of life collection rates? • Sector- or even application-specific focus requested in LCA • Definition of end of life collection rate for steel – in a specific country, within a specific steel application sector (in this case: automotive sector) Steel collected = in automotive sector End of Life Collection rate Country, Automotiv e sector Steel introduced initially in automotive sector • Data to be provided for calculating the end of life collection rate: - statistical data on current and historic data of steel, - distinction between different steel application sectors, - lifetime of end products containing steel, - stock, import and export of steel in various end products, - scrap generated and in use (pre-consumer and post-consumer scrap) www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Describing the Life Cycle Benefit of Materials Data availability What data is needed for calculating sector specific end of life collection rates? • The statistical data on current and historic data of steel comprises information on: - Domestic crude steel production of a country - Domestic production, consumption, import and export of iron and steel intermediate products introduced to the different steel application sectors - Amount of steel introduced to the different steel application sectors via import/export of end products - Sector specific steel scrap arising • Distinction between different steel application sectors - Split up of crude steel or steel intermediate product information into different steel application sectors, e.g. automotive, construction, consumer goods, packaging, machinery and others • Lifetime of end products containing steel - Time period, steel is stored within different steel application sectors before available for next life cycle www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Describing the Life Cycle Benefit of Materials Data availability What data is needed for calculating sector specific end of life collection rates? • Stock, import and export of steel in various end products - Accounting for the import and export of steel contained within different end products into or from a country - stock of steel in various end products of the different steel application sectors • Scrap generated and in use (pre-consumer and post-consumer scrap) - Detailed and sector-specific information on scrap arising - Scrap generated within the manufacturing step (pre-consumer scrap) of end products as well as at products’ end-of-life (post-consumer scrap) per steel application sector www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Describing the Life Cycle Benefit of Materials Data availability What is the challenge about calculating sector specific recycling rates? • Data gaps • Sector specific scrap arising • Product life time / Time of material storage on the market • Steel introduced to the market via imported (final – new and used) goods and exported (final – new and used) goods leaving the market • Steel content of products / product groups • Variety of data sources (and therefore inconsistencies) • Mix / Interrelation of time periods due to product life time consideration www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Conclusion / Outlook Using MFA to describe the Life Cycle Benefit of materials • Different characteristic of available approaches, such as MFA, LCA, etc. due to differences in reference system, system boundaries, degree of detail, etc. • But, on the other hand overlapping in principle approach and methodological characteristic, e.g. analysis of material / energy flows related to a reference system • Combination and interlinking of methodological approaches strengthens the individual approach and broadens the overall applicability • Need for consistent and complete data basis • Further effort / work to be undertaken to intensify the networking of expert teams, linking of available databases and harmonising methodological settings as well as definitions/wording. www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
Contact Dipl.-Ing. Robert Ilg Universität Stuttgart Lehrstuhl für Bauphysik (LBP) Abteilung Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung (GaBi) Hauptstrasse 113 70771 Echterdingen Germany E-Mail: robert.ilg@LBP.uni-stuttgart.de Tel.: +49 (0)711 489999-22 Fax: +49 (0)711 489999-11 http://www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de http://www.gabi-software.de www.LBPGaBi.uni-stuttgart.de
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