Seafarers’ current awareness, knowledge, motivation and ideas towards Low Carbon – Energy Efficient operations Prof Osman Turan and Dr Charlotte Banks
Contents • Introduction • The questionnaire • Target group profile • Results & Discussion • Future work • Conclusions • Acknowledgements
Introduction Reducing fuel consumption of ships against volatile fuel prices and greenhouse gas emissions resulted from international shipping are the challenges that the industry faces today. The potential for fuel savings is possible for new builds, as well as for existing ships through increased energy efficiency measures; technical and operational respectively. KEY QUESTIONS HOW TO REDUCE THE EMISSIONS? HOW TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY?
Introduction • International an National pressure to reduce carbon emissions • Amendments have been made to the MARPOL Convention, Annex VI, Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships, to include the EEDI and SEEMP. Entered into force on the 1 st January 2013 • • The EEDI will affect the daily operations of seafarers in the long term as it is expected to catalyse the development and installation of new technologies and innovations • The SEEMP will directly impact on the daily operations of seafarers in the short and long term as operational improvements detailed within the SEEMP are implemented
How can EEDI be reduced EEDI = Power . SFOC . Carbon Conversion Capacity . Speed ? LNG ? Waste Heat New Recovery Retrofit ? Technologi Technologi es for New ? es Builds Propeller New Hull Boss ? Caps Designs ? ? A SOLUTION FOR ONE SHIP MAY NOT WORK FOR ANOTHER SHIP!!!!!
Introduction TECHNOLOGIES BETTER DESIGNS ENERGY SAVING DEVICES RENEWABLE ENERGY DIFFERENT FUELS ENERGY STORAGE SHIP OPERATIONS SLOW STEAMING VOYAGE OPTIMISATION AND WEATHER ROUTING TRIMMING HULL CLEANING AND PROPELLER POLISHING MAINTENANCE
Current Options being Explored 2 - 8% Retrofit Technologies Fuel Consumption • Bulbous Bow May not all be able to be • Wake Equalizing Ducts applied in parallel (cant use twisted rudder and • Twisted Rudder stator fins) • Rudder Stator fins • New Profile type Propeller • Thruster Tunnel Closures Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Technical Review Vol. 41 No. 6 (Dec. 2004)
BULBOUS BOW REPLACEMENT ( 2% SAVINGS, SPEED :FROM 24 KNOTS TO AS LOW AS 12 KNOTS) http://www.oldsaltblog.com/2013/03/container-ship-nose-jobs-maersk-retrofits-bulbous-bows-for-slow-steaming/ http://maersklinesocial.com/nose-job/
Current Options being Explored Different Fuel types LNG Liquefied Natural Gas, could potentially save 20% CO 2 Fuel Cells Electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy from a fuel into Electric Energy 2 components: Fuel Cell Stack Fuel Cell Solar Balance of Plant Not looking a feasible option as such a large surface area would be needed and a lot of maintenance • Bio Fuels Biodiesel: vegetable oils (palm, coconut, rapeseed, soybean and tallow), Animal fats. Bioethanol: Ethanol by fermenting renewable sources of sugar or starch crops (sugar cane, sugar beet, sorghum, corn, wheat and cassava)
Current Options being Explored • Human Factors < 10 % Fuel Consumption Need to Maximize full Potential of Technologies (existing and new) Education and Training Knowledge Awareness Skills Motivation Crew Resource Management KPI Monitoring Incentives – e.g. Sister ship competition
The Aim • Seafarers need to: – Know what to expect with up and coming regulations – Know how to achieve low carbon operations and what are the best practises – Have the skills to implement low carbon operations Education and Training Needs Analysis Questionnaire Aim: To investigate seafarers’ and onshore personnels current levels of awareness, knowledge and motivation towards carbon emissions in general and towards shipping carbon emissions and their reduction • Distributed to : Shipping companies, MET institutes, Maritime collages • 6 Parts in the questionnaire ( 4A was specifically for the bridge team, Part 4B was specifically for the engineering team) • Question types: Multiple choice, Independent & Dependent rating (Likert scale) , linguistic • 317 Questionnaires collected ( 16% Online, 84% Hardcopies)
Figure 1: Country were participants completed their Target Group maritime education and training (N=317) Japan Faroe Islands 0% Bulgaria 0% Greece Unanswered 0% Sweden Germany 0% 17% UK 0% • 0% Participants have 22% been educated and Vietnam Malaysia 1% trained in a large 1% range of countries Latvia 1% Encompassing the Italy 1% Ireland global maritime 1% community and Ukraine including a range 1% of educational and Norway 1% cultural differences. India Singapore 20% 1% France 1% Philippines 8% Croatia Romania Burma China 4% 2% 2% 2% Spain Russia Denmark Indonesia Poland 3% 2% 2% 2% 3%
Figure 3: Role onboard (N=317) Unanswered Target Group Student Master / 1% 11% Captain Onshore 13% Personnel • 317 participants 3% – 35% Bridge Team – 32% Engineering Team Rating Deck Officer 12% 22% • 84% more than 1 years experience at sea Cadet 6% • Contributed knowledge Chief Engineer predominantly based on tanker 10% Engineer operations 22% Figure 4: Years experience at sea (N=317) Figure 2: Type of ships sailed on (N=317) 66% 26% 30% 70% % of all questionnaire % of all questionnaire 60% 25% 17% 50% 20% 16% participants participants 40% 11% 15% 11% 20% 26% 7% 30% 6% 6% 10% 13% 10% 20% 9% 9% 5% 8% 3% 10% 0% 0% Less than 1 1 to 5 years 5 to 9 years 9 to 13 years 13 to 17 years 17 to 21 years 21 to 25 years 25 years or more year
Questionnaire Results ‘Why we are targeted because we are the easy catch ….’ General awareness and knowledge Figure 5: Awareness of the effects carbon emissions have on our world % of N questionnaire 56% 60% participants • Need to provide seafarers 40% 20% 20% with the background 20% knowledge and understand 3% 0% 0% why changes are Unaware A little aware Fairly aware Aware Very aware happening • Awareness needs Figure 6: Knowledge of the effects carbon emissions Increasing % of N questionnaire participants have on our world (only 20% are very aware) 60% 52% 33% 40% • Knowledge is less than 20% awareness 8% 6% 0% (if you assume scales are 0% comparable) (only 6% are very knowledgeable)
Questionnaire Results General knowledge benefits Figure 7: How much participants have tried knowledge to make energy efficiency improvements based on how much they know about carbon emissions and their effects 100% % of N questionnaire participants 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% No knowledge, A little knowledge, Fairly Knowledgeable, Very knowledgeable, Mean=4.00 (N=1) Mean=2.55 (N=22) knowledgeable, Mean=3.53 (N=141) Mean=3.82 (N=17) Mean=3.39 (N=83) Very much Much A little Very little Never • Participants with increasingly more knowledge have tried increasingly more to make energy efficiency improvements onboard
Questionnaire Results General knowledge acquisition Figure 8: Methods for knowledge acquisition about carbon emissions and the affect they have on our world (N=311) % of all questionnaire participants 71% 80% 65% 64% 53% 60% 47% 46% 40% 20% 20% 16% 13% 13% 20% 1% 0% • Knowledge content in these sources are not comprehensive, technical, and/or specific to carbon emissions, particularly to shipping • 46%have discussed the topic with other people demonstrating this is not a topic of focus and hence discussion • Only 20% of the 311 participants have gained knowledge about the effects of carbon emissions via an education or training course .
Questionnaire Results Technical awareness and knowledge ‘Keep the main ‘Good quality fuel should engine parts in ‘Route and speed be used.’ ‘By reducing tiptop condition to instructions should be unnecessary guarantee the given to the vessels, operation of performance where the eco speed machinery.’ recommended by must be better defined to ‘Good support should be maker.’ ensure all utilise the provided from the lowest possible steady company by providing ‘Reduce use of main engine load point ‘The safest and vessel spare parts to incinerator.’ during a given voyage.’ shortest route should maintain vessels be selected.’ machinery’ • Low response • Repetition of a comments • Lack of technical detail • Many comments on management efforts • Many comments on ‘switching off’
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