KENT Marine Reef Salt 1 KENT salt origin Differently from other - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

NEWA is proud to present: KENT Marine Reef Salt 1

KENT salt origin Differently from other types of salt, KENT Marine Reef does not derive from the sea water evaporation. It comes from the American salt mines known as “Louisiana salt domes” which are found mainly in the form of large deposits formed by the evaporation of prehistoric saltwater lakes or seas. 2

Quality preservation The rocks that surround the dome salt are composed predominantly of clay: an extremely compact and therefore impermiable to water material . This allows to conserv the salt and protect it from dilution by the underground water. 3

Quality preservation Sodium Chloride is obtained in the process if indirect extraction. It consists in water injection into the ground, which rises back to the surface in the form of saturated brackish water with a purity of 99,98% (salt for food use). 4

Quality preservation This “humid culture” process is followed by the evaporation of the water used for the extraction. In this way the obtained salt is perfectly dry, has white iridescent colour and crystals of exceptionally small size. 5

Quality preservation In fact during the touch analysis, unlike other salt on the market, Kent Marine Reef seems more like a fine dust made of crystals of different sizes and types. The view through the microscope confirms this thesis. Scale: 5.5X 6

Visual description The intrinsic features make KENT Marine Reef a salt with extremely high solubiltity: the obtained solution is transparent with no deposits on the bottom of the vessel. Solution: Solution: Solution: Solution: Osmotic water Osmotic water +KM salt Osmotic water +KM salt Osmotic water +KM salt 7 (dilution) (after 2 minutes) (after 5 minutes)

Visual description Clearness test: Several minutes after diluting, the water appears clear and transparent. 8

Visual description Deposits evaluation: One hour after the dissolving, there are no deposits found on on the bottom of Becher. 9

Features of KM salt production The obtained results are due to the high quality of the raw materials. The overall purity of the used mixed Salts is the essential key element. All the chemical elements added to the Sodium Chloride derive from the US and have the quality of the pharmaceutical level. (analytical grade of 99% and more). The incorrect quantity, heavy metals and organic substances have an immediate effect on the purity of the salt, increasing the biological load. This can be seen from the sediments that leave oily yeallow-brown residues around the vessel used for mixing. 10

Features of KM salt production The target is to obtain the salt with superior characteristic which can guarantee: 1. A balanced and stable ionic equation with no carbonate precipitation 2. Absence of ammonia, nitrates and phosphates 3. A homogenious mixture of elements despite the differencies in density of the used materials. 11

Salt by evaporation Vs. salt by extraction The use of sea water to produce a mixture of salt is not an optimal solution for 3 reasons: 1. Numerous organic and non organic pollutants: just think of the presence of flocks of sea birds (especially gulls and flamingos), micro-algae, invertebrates and insects (shrimp and brine flies). This adds polutants to the salt obtained through evaporation. 12

Salt by evaporation Vs. salt by extraction 2. Salt manufactoring process. The process of transferring the salt water through different tanks, has the target to precipitate the minerals which have different density (calcium, magnesium and sodium bicarbonate) These elements will be added after the evaporation. 13

Salt by evaporation Vs. salt by extraction 3. Polution of modern times. Potential presence of such chemical pollutants as hydrocarbons or pesticides. This is not possible in the salt obtained by extraction due the age of deposits that were formed 14 many years ago.

Salinity and major ions in the salt The salinity of the sea water (generally 3.5%) is constituted by a mix of dissolved salts which are indicated in the table below. (source: Karl K. Turekian: Oceans. 1968. Prentice-Hall) Element ppm Element ppm Element ppm Element ppm Hydrogen H2O 110,00 Ruthenium Ru 0,0000007 Scandium Sc <0,000004 Dysprosium Dy 0,00000091 Oxygen H2O 883,00 Rhodium Rh . Titanium Ti 0,001 Holmium Ho 0,00000022 Sodium NaCl 10,80 Palladium Pd . Vanadium V 0,0019 Erbium Er 0,00000087 Chlorine NaCl 19,40 Argentum (silver) Ag 0,00028 Chromium Cr 0,0002 Thulium Tm 0,00000017 Magnesium Mg 1,290 Cadmium Cd 0,00011 Manganese Mn 0,0004 Ytterbium Yb 0,00000082 Sulfur S 904 Indium In . Ferrum (Iron) Fe 0,0034 Lutetium Lu 0,00000015 Potassium K 392 Stannum (tin) Sn 0,00081 Cobalt Co 0,00039 Hafnium Hf <0,000008 Calcium Ca 411 Antimony Sb 0,00033 Nickel Ni 0,0066 Tantalum Ta <0,0000025 Bromine Br 67,30 Tellurium Te . Copper Cu 0,0009 Tungsten W <0,000001 Helium He 0,0000072 Iodine I 0,064 Zinc Zn 0,005 Rhenium Re 0,0000084 Lithium Li 0,17 Xenon Xe 0,000047 Gallium Ga 0,00003 Osmium Os . Beryllium Be 0,0000006 Cesium Cs 0,0003 Germanium Ge 0,00006 Iridium Ir . Boron B 4,450 Barium Ba 0,021 Arsenic As 0,0026 Platinum Pt . Carbon C 28,00 Lanthanum La 0,0000029 Selenium Se 0,0009 Aurum (gold) Au 0,000011 Nitrogen ion 15,50 Cerium Ce 0,0000012 Krypton Kr 0,00021 Mercury Hg 0,00015 Fluorine F 13,00 Praesodymium Pr 0,00000064 Rubidium Rb 0,12 Thallium Tl . Neon Ne 0,00012 Neodymium Nd 0,0000028 Strontium Sr 8,1 Lead Pb 0,00003 Aluminium Al 0,001 Samarium Sm 0,00000045 Yttrium Y 0,000013 Bismuth Bi 0,00002 Silicon Si 2,9 Europium Eu 0,0000013 Zirconium Zr 0,000026 Thorium Th 0,0000004 Phosphorus P 0,088 Gadolinium Gd 0,0000007 Niobium Nb 0,000015 Uranium U 0,0033 15 Argon Ar 0,45 Terbium Tb 0,00000014 Molybdenum Mo 0,001 Plutonimu Pu .

The percentage of ions in sea water 0,190 0,410 0,080 0,040 1,110 The major salt ions 1,180 0,003 which make 99,9% 3,680 Chloride Cl of sea water are Sodium Na 7,680 the following: Sulfate SO4 Magnesium Mg Calcium Ca Potassium K Bicarbonate HCO3 Bromide Br 55,035 30,590 Borate BO3 Strontium Sr Fluoride F 16

The percentage of ions in sea water … while the concentration (ppm) of salt ions which make 99,9% of sea water, is the following: Fluoride F Strontium Sr Borate BO3 Bromide Br Bicarbonate HCO3 Potassium K Calcium Ca Magnesium Mg Sulfate SO4 Sodium Na Chloride Cl 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Chloride Cl Sodium Na Sulfate SO4 Magnesium Calcium Ca Potassium Bicarbonate Bromide Br Borate BO3 Strontium Fluoride F Mg K HCO3 Sr Serie1 19345 10752 2701 1295 416 390 145 66 27 13 1 17

Comparison among the main salt brands present on the market The following table highlights the comparison between the values of sea water (source: Dr J Floor Anthoni (2000, 2006) www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm) and the medium values obtained through Salifert, Elos tests , as well as the values taken from this source: AquariumWaterTesting.com and www.praticalfishkeeping.co.uk) Korallen Aquarium Red Sea - Tropic Aqua ATI - Coral Natural Kent - Seachem - Zucht - System Coral Pro Marin - Medic - Ocean sea water Sea Salt Reef salt Reef Best Reef Crystal Salt Pro Reef Reef Salt Plus Salt 35,50 34,00 34,00 35,00 35,00 33,00 36,00 35,00 38,00 Salinity(ppt) 8,00 8,29 7,84 8,13 8,21 8,07 9,09 8,07 8,28 pH Ammoniunm (NH4) 0 0,001 0,00067 0,00033 0,00167 0,01 not tested not tested not tested ml/l 0 0,002 0,002 0,002 0,00167 0,001 not tested not tested not tested Nitrite(NO2) ml/l 0 0,63333 0,13667 0,15333 0,21000 0,05 0,03000 0,03000 0,03000 Nitrate NO3) ml/l 0 0,0133 0,0067 0,0233 0,0233 0,02 0,03 not tested not tested Phosfate(PO4) ppm 10,00 8,18 9,88 6,18 9,80 9,83 8,03 8,35 8,73 Hardness(Kh) 416,00 378,83 461,43 447,44 398,57 454,83 365,00 405,00 500,80 Calcium (Ca) ppm Magnesium 1295,00 1099,60 1205,57 1388,30 1357,27 1313,60 1077,50 1111,65 1485,00 (Mg)ppm 7,00 4,00 4,66 6,00 8,00 7,33 5,33 4,00 2,66 Oxygen (O2) ppm 0,064 0,0060 0 0,0060 0,0060 0 0 0 0 Iodine(I) ppm 8,00 2,66 2,66 8,00 10,00 2,66 4,00 2,66 2,66 Strontium (Sr) ppm 18

Comparison among the main salt brands present on the market The following table highlights the comparison between the values of sea water (source: Dr J Floor Anthoni (2000, 2006) www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm) and the medium values obtained through Salifert, Elos tests , as well as the values taken from this source: AquariumWaterTesting.com and www.praticalfishkeeping.co.uk) Salinity (ppt) 39,00 38,00 37,00 36,00 35,00 34,00 33,00 32,00 31,00 30,00 Aquarium Korallen Eau du mer Kent - Sea Red Sea - Tropic Marin Seachem - Aqua Medic - ATI - Coral System - Zucht - Reef naturelle Salt Coral Pro Salt - Pro Reef Reef salt Reef Salt Ocean Plus Reef Crystal Best Salt Salinità (ppt) 35,50 34,00 34,00 35,00 35,00 33,00 36,00 35,00 38,00 pH 9,20 9,00 8,80 8,60 8,40 8,20 8,00 7,80 7,60 7,40 7,20 Aquarium Red Sea - Korallen Eau du mer Kent - Sea Tropic Marin Seachem - Aqua Medic - ATI - Coral System - Coral Pro Zucht - Reef naturelle Salt - Pro Reef Reef salt Reef Salt Ocean Plus Reef Crystal Salt Best Salt pH 8,00 8,29 7,84 8,13 8,21 8,07 9,09 8,07 8,28 19