Job quality, gender and Job quality, gender and parenthood in the EU - - parenthood in the EU a comparative analysis a comparative analysis Ramó ón Pe n Peñ ña a- -Casas Casas Ram European Social Observatory (OSE) European Social Observatory (OSE) penacasas@ose.be penacasas@ose.be (preliminary version) (preliminary version) SASE ANNUAL CONFERENCE SASE ANNUAL CONFERENCE Boston MIT – – June 2012 Boston MIT June 2012
Structure Structure 1. QWE, gender et parenthood QWE, gender et parenthood 1. 2. Definition of QWE Definition of QWE 2. 3. Source & methodology Source & methodology 3. 4. Results for different indexes Results for different indexes 4. 5. Conclusions Conclusions 5. 2
1. Job quality, gender and parenthood 1. Job quality, gender and parenthood • Literature shows that women are usually disadvantaged in several • Literature shows that women are usually disadvantaged in several dimensions of job quality (wage gaps associated to gender and dimensions of job quality (wage gaps associated to gender and parenthood, careers, occupations, working time(s), … …) ) parenthood, careers, occupations, working time(s), • Parenthood, notably for women, is also associated to lower job quality uality • Parenthood, notably for women, is also associated to lower job q (wage penalties, careers, working time(s), conciliation work and family (wage penalties, careers, working time(s), conciliation work and family life, life,… …) ) • • To reflect these differences we start from a typology of work To reflect these differences we start from a typology of work‐ ‐family family reconciliation regimes that reflect the reconciliation regimes that reflect the magnitude of two effects that magnitude of two effects that are crucial for determining people are crucial for determining people’ ’s fertility rate and employment s fertility rate and employment decisions: decisions: – the income effect, evoked by the need to satisfy material the income effect, evoked by the need to satisfy material – aspirations, and aspirations, and – the substitution effect, reflecting the conflict between childre the substitution effect, reflecting the conflict between childrearing aring – and work. and work. 3
Typology for the study: work Typology for the study: work family reconciliation regimes family reconciliation regimes 1. Anglo Saxon Saxon : : IE, UK IE, UK 1. Anglo 2. Nordic : SE, FI, DK : SE, FI, DK 2. Nordic 3. Continental : FR, BE, NL, LU : FR, BE, NL, LU 3. Continental 4. Germanic : DE, AT : DE, AT 4. Germanic 5. Mediterranean : ES, PT, IT, GR, CY, MT 5. Mediterranean : ES, PT, IT, GR, CY, MT 6. CEE 6 : CZ, SK, HU, PL, SI, EE, LV, LT 6. CEE 6 : CZ, SK, HU, PL, SI, EE, LV, LT 7. CEE 2 : RO, BG : RO, BG 7. CEE 2 4
2. Job quality? y? 2. Job qualit • Job quality, quality of work, quality of Job quality, quality of work, quality of • work and employment (QWE) work and employment (QWE) • Different institutional • Different institutional (ILO,UNECE,EU,EUROFOUND,ETUI) and (ILO,UNECE,EU,EUROFOUND,ETUI) and research typologies underline more or research typologies underline more or less the importance of the same less the importance of the same dimensions dimensions • Our selection for QWE Our selection for QWE • 5
Dimensions of QWE index Dimensions of QWE index • adequate pay A. Socio ‐ economic → • employment security & security sustainability • training → B. Learning • learning jobs • perceived health problems • strenuousness of tasks C. Health & safety → • exposure physical & at work environmental hazards → • exposure psycho ‐ social risks QWE • pace and intensity of work D. Work → • organization work control and autonomy • unsocial hours • working time & unpaid work → E. Working times • conciliation work and social life • consultation & participation • violence & harassment → F. Rights & equity • gender equality • non ‐ discrimination 6
3. Source and methodology Source and methodology 3. • Source: 5 Source: 5 th wave of the EWCS 2010 from EUROFOUND • th wave of the EWCS 2010 from EUROFOUND – +:wide range of indicators for all dimensions of QWE for EU +:wide range of indicators for all dimensions of QWE for EU‐ ‐27 27 – countries countries – ‐ ‐: sample sizes for small countries : sample sizes for small countries – • Research sample: EU Research sample: EU‐ ‐27 countries, employees, N=29.296 27 countries, employees, N=29.296 • • patterns of NEGATIVE QWE = index of bad QWE, thus the patterns of NEGATIVE QWE = index of bad QWE, thus the • higher is the index, the lower is the QWE higher is the index, the lower is the QWE • 121 indicators of QWE • 121 indicators of QWE ☞ ☞ ‘pyramidal pyramidal’ ’ aggregation of sub‐ ‐indexes into six indexes into six ‘ aggregation of sub ☞ dimensional indexes ☞ normalised 0‐ ‐1 1 dimensional indexes normalised 0 ☞ ☞ total index of QWE total index of QWE • Equal weights for (sub) dimensions, weighted averages Equal weights for (sub) dimensions, weighted averages • for indexes for indexes 7
SUB-INDEXES OF QWE BY CLUSTERS ,70 ,60 ,50 Anglo-Saxon Nordic ,40 Continental Germanic Méditerranean ,30 CEE 6 CEE 2 ,20 ,10 ,00 Index A - Socio- Index B - Learning Index C - Health & Index D - Work Index E - Working Index F - Equity & Index T - Total economic Safety at Work Organisation & Non-working Rights QWE Security Times
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5. Conclusions (1) 5. Conclusions (1) • Differences between clusters seems to indicate that Differences between clusters seems to indicate that • these still make sense these still make sense • Anglo‐ ‐Saxon and Nordic: best performers on all Saxon and Nordic: best performers on all • Anglo dimensions, notably learning, but still differences dimensions, notably learning, but still differences between them (socio‐ ‐economic security, work economic security, work between them (socio organisation) organisation) • Continental and Germanic: mid Continental and Germanic: mid‐ ‐position, stagnation? position, stagnation? • • Mediterranean: low levels of QWE. Regression as Mediterranean: low levels of QWE. Regression as • impact of the crises? or stagnation? impact of the crises? or stagnation? • CEE 6: relatively high levels of QWE, close to CEE 6: relatively high levels of QWE, close to • Continental score and higher than Mediterranean Continental score and higher than Mediterranean • CEE 2: lower levels of QWE, but similar to CEE 2: lower levels of QWE, but similar to • Mediterranean Mediterranean 11
• Gender differences, as well as those related to parenthood, Gender differences, as well as those related to parenthood, • are not very marked but systematic across all clusters are not very marked but systematic across all clusters • Couples, with or without children, experience a better QWE • Couples, with or without children, experience a better QWE than singles, and there are not much differences bettween bettween than singles, and there are not much differences them. them. • While parenthood improves the QWE of single men, it is the • While parenthood improves the QWE of single men, it is the opposite for women. Single mothers are usually those with opposite for women. Single mothers are usually those with the lowest QWE of all groups. the lowest QWE of all groups. • • However, clustering and indexing are above all pragmatic However, clustering and indexing are above all pragmatic solutions to reduce complexity of comparability and solutions to reduce complexity of comparability and information. information. • Analyses at national levels are necessary, when possible, as • Analyses at national levels are necessary, when possible, as well as a more detailed analyses at the level of sub‐ ‐indexes, indexes, well as a more detailed analyses at the level of sub which are more significant than the total index of QWE which are more significant than the total index of QWE 12
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