2012/2/13 Japan Structures Group Ian Robertson (Group Leader) Santiago Pujol and Maedo Masaki John Wallace and Hitoshi Shiohara Ian Buckle and Kazuhiko Kawashima George Lee Michael Olsen Clay Naito Stephen Mahin Tracy Nelson with input from numerous other US and Japanese collaborators Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 Performance of Structures in Japan • Earthquake performance – Buildings (2) – Bridges (2) • Tsunami performance – Structural damage data collection (1) – Debris Impact loading (1) • Research Collaboration – Joint Workshops (1) – Shared facilities (1) Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 1
2012/2/13 Investigation on the Performance of Buildings with Structural Walls in the 2011 East Japan Earthquake Maeda Masaki, Tohoku University, Japan Santiago Pujol, Purdue University Joint RAPID/J-RAPID Objectives � Investigate damage and performance of RC buildings. � Damage statistics � Analysis of severely damaged RC buildings with structural walls � Investigate the reliability and effectiveness of seismic evaluation methods, retrofit techniques, and design provisions Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 Key Findings Japanese RC buildings performed very well during the severe ground shaking caused by the East Japan Earthquake (in terms of collapse prevention - life safety) 1 2 2 Pre-1971 61 Slight or Non Minor 4 1 1971-1981 209 17 Moderate 3 3 Severe Post-1981 236 Collapse 22 total 505 8 3 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Some retrofitted buildings and buildings believed to be safe had to be evacuated. Shear Failure on Coupling Boundary columns of Beam with Opening wall in the 3 rd floor were crushed Civil engineering building in Tohoku University Electrical engineering building Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 2
2012/2/13 E-Defense Collaboration & Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance - Japan • Participants: – US: J Wallace (PI), W Ghannoum (UT), J Moehle (UCB), R Sause (Lehigh); Students: Z Tuna (UCLA), W Keller (Lehigh), M LeBorgne (UT); M Aschheim (SC) – Japan: T Nagae (ED), K Tahara (ED), T Matsumori(ED), H Shiohara (UT), T Kabeyasawa (UT ERI), S Kono (Kyoto), M Nishiyama (Kyoto); K. Kaisai (TiT); M Maeda (TU); M Midorikawa (HU). • NSF RAPID Projects: Japan (3), Chile (1) – E-Defense Shaking Table Tests of RC Buildings (Wallace) – U.S. Instrumentation and Data Processing for the Four-Story RC and PT E- Defense Building Tests (Wallace) – Post-Earthquake Building Reconnaissance in Japan (EERI) • Objectives: – Pre-test planning, instrumentation and testing, and post-test analysis of two, full-scale, 4-story RC buildings tested at E-Defense – Post-earthquake assessment of building performance; researcher exchange Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 Key Findings E-Defense 4-story Building Tests: • Fundamental issues/concerns related to poor performance of conventional construction • Collapse-level shaking of full-scale 3D buildings provided vital data for model verification and development Post-earthquake reconnaissance: • Performance of retrofitted and unretrofitted school buildings in Fukushima and Sendai • Potential to assess response of high-performance, instrumented buildings (e.g., base isolation and dampers), including the performance of “non- structural” elements • EERI report available online Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 3
2012/2/13 Evaluation of the Performance of Bridges During the Great East Japan Earthquake • US Researchers - RAPID : Ian Buckle, David Frost, Wen-huei (Phillip) Yen, Lee Marsh, Shideh Dashti • International counterparts – J-RAPID : Kazuhiko Kawashima, Shigeki Unjoh, Jun-ichi Hoshikuma • Objective: To investigate – Effectiveness of bridge design and retrofit procedures implemented since Kobe – Vulnerability of bridges to tsunami impacts – Linkage between loading duration and resulting damage Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 Key Findings • Bridges built in accordance with revised Japanese design specifications (post 1990) and those retrofitted since Kobe, had minimal earthquake damage. • Older bridges, not yet retrofitted or only partly so, suffered significant damage due to ground shaking. • Typical bridge damage due to tsunami impact included loss of superstructure and loss of approach fills. • Some piers were lost due to hydrodynamic loading and scour, but not many. • Several bridges with integral superstructures and seismic retrofit survived almost intact. Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 4
2012/2/13 ������������������������������������������������ ��������������������������������������� George C. Lee, Jianwei Song & Yihui Zhou MCEER, University at Buffalo Background and Motivation: Ground Motion Record Station at Satellite Photo of the Utatsu O-Hashi after the Tohoku University: Earthquake and Tsunami: Based on Preliminary Investigation Using Simplified Assumption: • Many research opportunities exist to quantify cascading effects of earthquake and tsunami wave forces • Research efforts should be expanded to other extreme event combinations, such as earthquake + earthquake (long duration or aftershock earthquakes), earthquake + vessel collision, earthquake + scouring, etc. Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 Bridge column model: Wave force simulation: Earthquake record from Tohoku Univ.: 45 0.3 40 PGA = 0.33g 0.2 35 Ground acceleration (g) 0.1 30 Force (kN) 25 0 20 -0.1 15 -0.2 10 Wave loading 5 -0.3 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Time(sec) Time (sec) Earthquake Wave Attack Earthquake + Wave Attack 100 130 120 Tohoku earthquake Tohoku earthquake 40 110 80 Wave force 100 Column top dispplacement (mm) Column top dispplacement (mm) Column top dispplacement (mm) 90 60 80 70 30 40 60 50 20 40 30 20 20 0 10 0 -20 -10 10 -20 -40 -30 -40 Wave force alone -50 -60 -60 0 -70 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Time (sec) Time (sec) Time (sec) 160 160 160 Failure 140 Effective stiffness 120 140 120 degradation: 70% 100 80 120 80 60 Base shear (kN) Base shear (kN) Base shear (kN) 40 100 40 20 0 80 0 -20 -40 60 -40 -60 -80 40 -80 -100 Tohoku earthquake -120 20 Wave force alone -120 Tohoku earthquake Wave force -140 -160 0 -160 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Column top displacement (mm) Column top displacement (mm) Column top displacement (mm) Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 5
2012/2/13 Experimental Study on Long Duration Earthquake Effect Cyclic loading test carried out in Taiwan Typical envelop Tested Hysteretic Curve response under the conventional loading protocol Envelop response under the long duration loading protocol It is found that the column under the long duration protocol shows a significantly greater stiffness and strength degradation than a typical response under Loading Setup End of Test the conventional load protocol Acknowledgement: This study is supported by NSF (CMMI 1138585) and FHWA (DTFH 61-08-C-00012). International cooperation from research partners in Japan (K. Sugiura of Kyoto University and Y. Kitane of Nanoga University) and in Taiwan (Y.C. Ou of National Taiwan University of Science and Technology) is gratefully acknowledged. Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 Collaborative Research: RAPID- Post-disaster structural data collection following the March 11, 2011 Tohoku tsunami University of Hawaii Oregon State University Martin & Chock, Inc. PI: Ian Robertson PI: Michael Olsen PI: Gary Chock Co-PI: Kwok Fai Cheung Co-PI: Solomon Yim Co-PI: Lyle Carden Japan Building Research Japan National Inst. for Saitama University Institute, BRI Land and Infrastructure Management, NILIM Shinya Tachibana Yasuo Okuda Hitomitsu Kikitsu Hiroto Kato Toshikazu Kabeyasawa Japan and NZ Earthquakes RAPID and Research Needs Workshop Arlington, VA Feb 9 and 10, 2012 6
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