Iwi/hap ū values and perspectives - Ki uta ki tai Monday 4 August 2014 Papawai Marae, Pah Road, Greytown. Garth Harmsworth (Te Arawa, Ng ā ti T ū wharetoa, Ng ā ti Raukawa) Landcare Research, Private Bag 11-052, Palmerston North HarmsworthG@LandcareResearch.co.nz
Freshwater management – desired outcomes policy and planning – strategies and actions Collaboration co- management, decision- making M ā tauranga M ā ori, Science knowledge, M ā ori values, Values, M ā ori perspectives Perspectives Dialogue Knowledge Interface Figure 1 : Dialogue space for understanding m ā tauranga M ā ori and science knowledge used to inform decision-making.
Te Ao M ā ori Te Ao P ā keha Iwi/hap ū based Individual, group based, industry Perspectives – world view (cultural lens) Perspectives – world view Issues Issues Aspirations Aspirations Values, concepts, practices (e.g., Kaitiakitanga, Values: human, economic, social, ecological, intrinsic, recreation, manaakitanga, wh ā naungatanga) etc. Policy, goals, objectives Policy, goals, objectives Iwi/hap ū management plans Kaitiaki plans Regional plans, Unitary plans District plans Research methods: e.g., Kaupapa M ā ori research, LTCP science Research methods, western science methods, specialist methods Monitoring, evaluation: Tohu – Cultural indicators Monitoring, evaluation: environmental performance indicators Knowledge – m ā tauranga M ā ori, local, indigenous Knowledge, understanding, religion, science
External Maori values – expressed in the landscape, lakes, rivers (~location specific), etc: W ā hi tapu (sacred sites), e.g. urup ā W ā hi taonga (treasured sites), e.g. marae, kainga (settlements), p ā (old (burial grounds), sacred shrines (tuahu), wai whakaika (ritual or fortified villages), forest ceremonial sites), ana (caves) W ā hi tupuna (ancestral sites) – waka Mahinga kai – resource sites landing and anchorage sites (e.g. (traditional food source/collection areas), w ā hi raranga – plant sources unga waka, tauranga waka), old battlegrounds, ara (tracks), rock for weaving outcrops, w ā hi tohu (indicators) etc. Taonga: Flora and fauna, taonga Te Reo – Place names species ( plants, trees, animals, birds, fish, etc .), habitats (e.g. wetlands), rongoa (medicines), etc. Landmarks : mountains, peaks, hills, Rock and mineral source and trade lakes, rivers, coastal, geothermal areas (e.g. areas, etc. pounamu/nephrite/greenstone) Important archaeological sites : Metaphysical (e.g. Taniwha), Atua artefact finds (e.g. adzes, carvings- domains whakairo, rock art, middens-ovens, waka/canoe remains etc.
General classification of water (relationship to tapu and noa) Wai ora Water in its purist form, e.g. rainwater Wai puna Spring water Wai whakaika Ritual waters, pools, ceremonial Wai m ā ori Freshwater water, water for normal consumption Wai mate Water that has lost mauri, degraded, and is no longer able to sustain life Wai kino Water that is dangerous, such as rapids Wai tai Seawater, saltwater, the surf or the tide
Values –Taonga spp.
Rangit ā ne (Manawat ū ) Key process steps Te Uri o Hau (Kaipara) 1.Mana Whakahaere (Treaty relationships Agreements signed (Crown–iwi–community) Agreements signed (Crown–iwi–community) established, respect, m ā tauranga Collaborative process with stakeholders Collaborative process with stakeholders M ā ori/values recognised) Manawat ū leaders river accord Integrated Kaipara Harbour Management Group (IKHMG) 2. Whakam ā ramatia ng ā Pou Herenga Core Values e.g.,: Tikanga, M ā tauranga, Core Values e.g.,: Tikanga, Whakapapa, Whakapono, Tumanako, Manaakitanga, Rangatiratanga, Mana, Te Ao Turoa, Rangit ā nenuirawa, Kaitiakitanga, Aroha Wh ā naungatanga, Manaakitanga, mauri Kaitiakitanga, Wairuatanga, mauri 3. Whakam ā ramatia ng ā Hu ā nga Outcomes e.g., A healthy and productive Outcomes e.g., Restore the mauri of the Kaipara harbour (IKHMG common vision) river, sustains communities Environmental & resource management Co-governance and co-management of river provides & implements policies that give Kei te ora te wai, kei te ora te whenua, kei te recognition to the practice of kaitiakitanga & ora te tangata exercise of tino rangatiratanga (TUOH) When the water is healthy, the land and the Rangatiratanga, Manawhenua, Te Uri O people are healthy (nourished) Hau key players in harbour management Rangatiratanga, Rangit ā ne key players in FW management 4. Whakam ā ramatia ng ā Uaratanga Goals & objs defined Goals & objs defined e.g., Co-governance, restore the mauri of Regional pride and mana the harbour, healthy environment, water, Catchment and waterways healthy, land and air swimmable, sustainable land and water Plant 2 million trees in priority areas, no Restoration/rehabilitation at key sites, Re- discharges, integrated catchment establish mahinga kai and taonga in iwi rohe management, TUOH education 5. Whakam ā ramatia ng ā Mahinga: Implement actions: Iwi-Community Implement actions: Restoration/rehabilitation projects/restoration/rehabilititation at key at key sites sites 6. Whakam ā ramatia ng ā Aroturukitanga Monitoring: Review/develop cultural Monitoring: Review/develop cultural methods completed, identify key sites & methods, select cultural windows sub- cultural indicators, monitoring programme catchments selected/prioritised, cultural established and being tested indicators identified, monitoring programme est. and being tested 7. Whakam ā ramatia ng ā Ritenga: Limits/standards being set – based on key Limits/standards being set – Key indicators indicators across harbour for cultural windows/sub-catchments, water management zones
Links between science and cultural indicators
Outcomes and Aspirations Nga Atua Domains Goals / Objectives Tangaroa Solutions Tanemahuta Tumatauenga Rongomatane Issues Haumiatiketike Tawhirimatea Monitoring indicators
In future environmental monitoring programmes could be classed into three main types that are complementary: M ā ori knowledge Scientific based Community – scientific based based M ā ori indicators – Community based indicators – Scientific indicators – In depth Māori requiring low levels of technical input requiring higher levels of understanding and and skill but scientifically robust and technical input and skill, knowledge of particular part-value based. robust sampling environments. Cost effective, relatively simple and strategies, analysis and Understanding of M ā ori short duration. interpretation. values, goals, and Examples: May be time consuming. aspirations required. Examples: • Chemistry, water Examples: • Hydrology; quality, nutrients; • Soils/Nutrients; • Taonga lists; • Hydrology; • Intactness of wetland; • Key sensitive taonga • Water table modelling; • Connectivity/Buffering or indicators; • Botanical mapping, Fragmentation; • Te Mauri/ wairua; classification of plants; • Introduced plants; • Knowledge on uses and • pH; • Animal damage; preparation of taonga; • Bacterial counts; • Modifications to catchment • Land-uses, point • Giardia; hydrology; discharges, modification, • Cryptosporidum; • Water quality within impacting on cultural • GIS applications; catchment; values and uses. • Satellite imagery; • Other landuse threats; • Key pest species • Studies of fish, macro- • Key undesirable species; invertebrates, • % catchment in introduced macrophytes. vegetation; • Animal access.
Indicators (examples e.g., CHI) Tangaroa Haumia tiketike • Water Clarity • Mahinga kai • Water Flow • Rongoa T ū matauenga • Water Quality • Shape and form of river, • Human activity, Use of river riverbank condition, sediment • Access • Insects • Cultural sites • Fish T ā whirim ā tea T ā ne Mahuta • Smell • Riparian vegetation Mauri / Wairua • Catchment vegetation • Feeling, taste, wellbeing
Indicator assessment and recording
The iwi monitors in the field
Table. A decision making process to identify values, define objectives and limits to sustain or enhance the mauri Values Objectives Performance Management measures/tools variables (examples) Nutrient management/reductio n Water clarity & sed Monitoring such as CHI and mauri Kaitiakitanga Set limits to restore assessment – Pathogens (e.g., E the mauri of Mauri identify coli) significant mahinga Mahinga kai change/trends in kai areas (define the state or mauri standards/limits/ Minimum flows above bottom lines) Stock exclusion Habitat extent and condition Condition of cultural resources, taonga spp., mahinga kai
Table. Limits and standards from NPS 2014. For each attribute A, B, C, D bands: A- Excellent – healthy, resilient, natural flow, natural habitats, similar to natural reference conditions B – Good, slightly impacted, low nutrients, extensive habitat, some stress, above natural reference conditions, low risk infection C – Fair, Moderately impacted, modified habitat, moderate nutrient enrichment, stress, elevated well above natural reference conditions, mod risk infection National Bottom line D – Poor, high nutrients, highly modified habitat, significant stress, low oxygen, potential health risk
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