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Is This Class Thread-Safe? Inferring Documentation using Graph-Based Learning Andrew Habib, Michael Pradel TU Darmstadt, Germany software-lab.org 1 Thread-Safe Classes 2 Thread-Safe Classes 3 Created by Freepik Thread-Safe Classes 3

  1. Is This Class Thread-Safe? Inferring Documentation using Graph-Based Learning Andrew Habib, Michael Pradel TU Darmstadt, Germany software-lab.org 1

  2. Thread-Safe Classes 2

  3. Thread-Safe Classes 3 Created by Freepik

  4. Thread-Safe Classes 3 Created by Freepik

  5. Thread-Safe Classes ? Is this class thread-safe? 3 Created by Freepik

  6. Thread-Safe Classes Inspect manually ? Is this class thread-safe? 3 Created by Freepik

  7. Thread-Safe Classes Inspect manually ? Assume not thread-safe Is this class thread-safe? 3 Created by Freepik

  8. Thread-Safe Classes Inspect manually ? Assume not thread-safe Is this class Assume thread-safe thread-safe? 3 Created by Freepik

  9. Documentation of Thread Safety Case study: The Qualitas Corpus � 112 Java projects � 179,239 classes 4

  10. Documentation of Thread Safety Case study: The Qualitas Corpus � 112 Java projects � 179,239 classes � Search: concu, thread, sync, parallel � 8,655 search hits � Randomly sample 120 hits � Manually inspect random sample 4

  11. Documentation of Thread Safety Case study: The Qualitas Corpus � Search: concu, thread, sync, parallel � 8,655 search hits (from 179,239 classes) � Manually inspect random sample of 120 hits Documented as: Count % Thread-safe 11 9.2% Not thread-safe 12 10.0% Conditionally thread-safe 2 1.7% No documentation 95 79.2% Total inspected classes 120 100.0% 4

  12. Documentation of Thread Safety Case study: The Qualitas Corpus � Search: concu, thread, sync, parallel � 8,655 search hits (from 179,239 classes) � Manually inspect random sample of 120 hits Documented as: Count % Thread-safe 11 9.2% 21% Not thread-safe 12 10.0% Conditionally thread-safe 2 1.7% No documentation 95 79.2% Total inspected classes 120 100.0% 4

  13. Documentation of Thread Safety Case study: The Qualitas Corpus � Search: concu, thread, sync, parallel � 8,655 search hits (from 179,239 classes) � Manually inspect random sample of 120 hits Documented as: Count % Thread-safe 11 9.2% 21% Not thread-safe 12 10.0% Conditionally thread-safe 2 1.7% No documentation 95 79.2% By extrapolation: Total inspected classes 120 100.0% % of documented classes = 1.004% 4

  14. Is This Class Thread-Safe? Given an object-oriented class with unknown multi-threading behaviour, infer whether it is supposed to be thread-safe or not 5

  15. Is This Class Thread-Safe? Given an object-oriented class with unknown multi-threading behaviour, infer whether it is supposed to be thread-safe or not This talk: TSFinder Machine learning approach to infer thread-safety documentation 5

  16. Overview of TSFinder Training Labeled Extracted graphs Graph kernel SVM model training classes matrix 6

  17. Overview of TSFinder Training Labeled Extracted graphs Graph kernel SVM model training classes matrix Classification Thread-safe Thread-unsafe Feature Extracted graphs New class vector 6

  18. Field-Focused Graphs public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; reset (); } synchronized public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; return -1; } boolean isMax () { return seq > MAX; } void reset () { seq = 0; } 7 }

  19. Field-Focused Graphs public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; reset (); } synchronized public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; return -1; } boolean isMax () { f return seq > MAX; } seq void reset () { seq = 0; } 7 }

  20. Field-Focused Graphs public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; reset (); } synchronized public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; return -1; } boolean isMax () { f return seq > MAX; } seq void reset () { private seq = 0; volatile Mod Mod } 7 Mod: Modifier }

  21. Field-Focused Graphs public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; reset (); } synchronized public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; m return -1; } reset() boolean isMax () { f return seq > MAX; Writes } seq void reset () { seq = 0; } 7 }

  22. Field-Focused Graphs public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; reset (); } synchronized public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; m return -1; } isMax() boolean isMax () { f return seq > MAX; Reads } seq void reset () { seq = 0; } 7 }

  23. Field-Focused Graphs public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; public this private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; Mod Sync reset (); } next() synchronized m public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; Reads Writes return -1; } boolean isMax () { f return seq > MAX; } seq void reset () { seq = 0; } 7 }

  24. Field-Focused Graphs public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; Sequence(int) public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; init reset (); } next() synchronized m Calls Calls public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; m m return -1; } isMax() reset() boolean isMax () { f return seq > MAX; Reads Writes } seq void reset () { seq = 0; } 7 }

  25. Field-Focused Graphs public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; public this private int MAX; Sequence(int) public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; init Mod Sync reset (); } next() synchronized m Calls Mod Calls public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; m m public Reads Writes return -1; } isMax() reset() boolean isMax () { f return seq > MAX; Reads Writes } seq void reset () { private seq = 0; volatile Mod Mod } 7 Mod: Modifier }

  26. Field-Focused Graphs (2) public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; reset (); } synchronized public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; return -1; } boolean isMax () { return seq > MAX; } void reset () { seq = 0; } 8 }

  27. Field-Focused Graphs (2) public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; reset (); } synchronized public int next() { if(! isMax ()) return seq ++; return -1; } boolean isMax () { return seq > MAX; } void reset () { seq = 0; } 8 }

  28. Field-Focused Graphs (2) public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; f Reads reset (); } MAX synchronized m public int next() { if(! isMax ()) isMax() return seq ++; f Reads return -1; } seq boolean isMax () { return seq > MAX; } void reset () { seq = 0; } 8 }

  29. Field-Focused Graphs (2) public class Sequence { private volatile int seq; private int MAX; public Sequence(int m) { MAX = m; f Reads reset (); } MAX synchronized m public int next() { if(! isMax ()) isMax() return seq ++; f Reads return -1; } seq boolean isMax () { return seq > MAX; Build the rest of the } void reset () { graph as before seq = 0; } 8 }

  30. Class to Vector Known classes New class C 9

  31. Class to Vector Known classes New class C Similarity , K ( ) = k ∈ [0 , 1] Graph kernel: * score * We use the Weisfeiler-Lehman Graph Kernels [Shervashidze et al., 2011] 9

  32. Class to Vector Known classes New class C Similarity , K ( ) = k ∈ [0 , 1] Graph kernel: * score Summary of similarity of C to known classes * We use the Weisfeiler-Lehman Graph Kernels [Shervashidze et al., 2011] 9

  33. Class to Vector Known classes New class C Similarity , K ( ) = k ∈ [0 , 1] Graph kernel: * score Summary of similarity of C to known classes Vector representation of class C * We use the Weisfeiler-Lehman Graph Kernels [Shervashidze et al., 2011] 9

  34. Evaluation: Setup 230 Java classes from the JDK � Explicit thread safety documentation Fields Methods Classes Count Min Max Avg Min Max Avg TS 115 1 64 8.7 2 163 34.7 not TS 115 0 55 4.3 1 103 23.8 All 230 0 64 6.4 1 163 29.2 10

  35. Evaluation: Setup 230 Java classes from the JDK � Explicit thread safety documentation LoC Classes Count Min Max Avg Graphs TS 115 13 4,264 430.2 1,989 not TS 115 7 1,931 219.7 2,871 All 230 7 4,264 323.1 4,860 10

  36. Effectiveness of TSFinder � Two-class SVM with SGD* � 10-fold cross-validation � 230 labeled JDK classes 11 * Stochastic Gradient Descent

  37. Effectiveness of TSFinder � Two-class SVM with SGD* � 10-fold cross-validation � 230 labeled JDK classes Thread-Safe Not Thread-Safe Accuracy Prec. Rec. Prec. Rec. 94.5% 94.9% 94.0% 94.2% 95.0% 11 * Stochastic Gradient Descent

  38. Effectiveness of TSFinder � Two-class SVM with SGD* � 10-fold cross-validation � 230 labeled JDK classes Thread-Safe Not Thread-Safe Accuracy Prec. Rec. Prec. Rec. 94.5% 94.9% 94.0% 94.2% 95.0% 11 * Stochastic Gradient Descent

  39. Effectiveness of TSFinder � Two-class SVM with SGD* � 10-fold cross-validation � 230 labeled JDK classes Thread-Safe Not Thread-Safe Accuracy Prec. Rec. Prec. Rec. 94.5% 94.9% 94.0% 94.2% 95.0% Most predictions are correct! 11 * Stochastic Gradient Descent

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