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Introduction to SVG & AHF LIVELINE ELECTRONICS KOLKATA Confidential Document WHAT IS POWER FACTOR EVERYONE KNOWS Real Power (kW) is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful, productive work. It is also called

  1. Introduction to SVG & AHF LIVELINE ELECTRONICS KOLKATA Confidential Document

  2. WHAT IS POWER FACTOR EVERYONE KNOWS Real Power (kW) is the power that actually powers the equipment and performs useful, productive work. It is also called Actual Power or Working Power. Reactive Power (kVAr) is the power required by some equipment (eg. transformers, motors and relays etc) to produce a magnetic field to enable real work to be done. It’s necessary to operate certain equipment but you do�’t see any result for its use. Apparent Power (kVA) is the vector sum of Real Power (kW) and Reactive Power (kVAr) and is the total power supplied through the mains that is required to produce the relevant amount of real power for the load. 2

  3. WHAT IS POWER FACTOR EVERYONE KNOWS 3

  4. HOW DOES IT AFFECT Causes more current to be drawn from the supply Overloading of the electrical network, supply transformers, switchboards, motor switching devices and protection equipment, and cabling Excessive voltage drop which may impact other electrical equipment 4

  5. THE BENEFITS OF POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT 5

  6. HOW TO IMPROVE PF One of the most common way is to use capacitors and switch them into circuit as and when load PF is lower than the target. We call them APFC panel. 6

  7. DEMERITS OF CAPACITOR PANELS Capacitor Over/under Cant handle switching Step control compensation leading PF transients Generate PQ Capacitor Slow to respond Resonance issue problems failures/burst Electromechanical Not suitable for Can not handle What if supply failure dynamic loads unbalanced load voltage is variable Installed capacity Scalability and is not Space upgradability compensation capacity 7

  8. STATIC VAR GENERATOR - SVG the most innovative approach to power factor correction Advantages:  Reactive power compensation: Cos F always 1.00  Continuous correction – step less control.  No over compensation or under compensation  Individual correction on all three phases.  Capacitive and Inductive compensation  Full correction in less than 10ms (1/2 a cycle).  Suitable dynamic loads  Optimised sizing – installed capacity equals compensation capacity  Simple wall mount for 50kVAr and 100kVAr  Rack mount options in 30/50/100kVAr sizes. one cabinet can  Accommodate up o 600kVAr utilising any combination of sizes.  Increase your capacity as your plant grows. Typical block diagram of a SVG 8

  9. OPERATIONAL PHILOSOHY - SVG the most innovative approach to power factor correction Advantages:  Innovative m ulti level converter design  Full digital with DSP  160 KHz sampling rate  80 KHz PWM switching for IGBT converter  Causes Capacitive and Inductive power flow  Low harmonics  Ultra compact design enables modular construction and easy expansion Multi level IGBT based converter 9

  10. BENIFITS OVER APFC PANEL - SVG Lets find out how its better than capacitor based correction CAPACITOR BASED APFC STATIC VAR GENERATORS Employ switching IN and OUT Uses scalable IGBT based fixed value capacitor banks and inverter to produce infinitely TECHNOLOGY there by achieves the desired PF variable step less output to at the grid end of the supply. achieve the desired set point. Generally slow to respond and Takes 15msec to completely are an electro mechanical respond to the need and only 50 RESPONSE TIME system and may take microsec to dynamically considerable time to achieve respond. the desired result. Most likely to encounter Being a inverter based control resonance. technique, has no such RESONANCE possibilities. 10

  11. BENIFITS OVER APFC PANEL - SVG Lets find out how its better than capacitor based correction CAPACITOR BASED APFC STATIC VAR GENERATOR Only corrects inductive load PF Correct both an inductive �he�e it’s laggi�g i� �atu�e. (lagging) and capacitive (leading) DOES IT CORRECT ALL LOADS load. Generally sizes are big as it Very compact and typically houses inductors, contactors requires less mounting area than SIZE & SPACE and capacitors in one enclosure. a conventional system. Greatly impacted by the grid Performance is virtually voltage level. Low voltage on unaffected by low grid voltage the grid results in poorer levels. IMPACT OF GRID VOLTAGE compensation performance from the capacitors. 11

  12. BENIFITS OVER APFC PANEL - SVG Lets find out how its better than capacitor based correction CAPACITOR BASED APFC STATIC VAR GENERATOR Low losses and needs little Require frequent switching of maintenance. The service life is the stages to achieve expected to greater than 10 correction for changing power ELECTRO-MECH FAILURES years. factor and are subjected to frequent failures. SCALABILITY & It can be augmented in future by No such facility MODULARITY inserting additional modules 12

  13. CONTROL & MONITORING - SVG Easy to use, with displays on every unit providing all system information including grid voltage, compensating current, grid current, load current, grid pf, load pf, alarm code and operating status. • Cabinet based systems come complete with colour TFT touch screen so you can see exactly what is happening with your complete system. In addition to the information available on the standard unit display you can view individual module temperatures, THDv, THDi, voltage waveforms, harmonic spectrum. • Optio�al ala�� �o�ito�i�g �a�d allo�s SVG to �e i�teg�ated i�to a�y pla�t control system • RS���, CAN, RJ�� �et�o�k po�t • Modbus RTU, Modbus TCP/IP, PMBus protocols supported HMI ACTS AS A FULL POWER QUALITY METER 13

  14. PEACE OF MIND - SVG Unlike traditional capacitor based systems, the SVG does not negatively interact with your electrical system. Today’s ha��o�i�ally �i�h e��i�o��e�ts a�e tough o� capacitor based systems with increased risks of resonance and capacitor failures: • Unaffected by harmonic distortion and free from harmonic resonance • Th�ee phase u��ala��e �o�pe�satio� • U�affe�ted �y g�id �oltage d�op. E�e� u�de� �edu�ed g�id �oltage le�els, full reactive current can be provided to meet working conditions. Operating voltage range of -40% to +20% • No da�agi�g t�a�sie�t �oltage spikes �aused �y the s�it�hi�g of �apa�ito�s • O�e�heati�g �apa�ito�s a�d ha��o�i� �ea�to�s a�e a thi�g of the past. • <�% THDi i�put ha��o�i�s �o�’t pollute the use�s ele�t�i�al dist�i�utio� syste� HIGHIER RELIABILTY AND SAFETY OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS 14

  15. PEACE OF MIND - SVG • 100% solid state with latest generation IGBTs • Latest i��e�te� te�h�ology p�o�ides effi�ie��y of g�eate� tha� ��% • Output p�o�ides a �ette� �uality �a�e fo�� �ith a lo�e� harmonic content than traditional systems. • Ele�t�o�i�s f�ee f�o� �o�ta�i�ated ai� flo� • Lo�g life �ooli�g fa�s a�e si�ple to �epla�e • Capa�ito� f�ee. No deg�adatio� of failu�es due to �apa�ito�s • Lo� �isk – no swollen or leaking capacitors. It reduces risk of fire. • No �o�ta�to�s to �epla�e • Desig� se��i�e life of �o�e tha� ���,���h�s, �ithout �ai�te�a��e. That’s �o�e tha� �� yea�s ope�atio� i� a pla�t that operates 24/7. Capacitor based systems can last as little as three years. • High po�e� de�sity �ea�s less p�e�ious s�it�h�oa�d �oo� is used. LONG LIFE WITH EXTREME DURABILITY 15

  16. WHAT IS HARMONICS ? A harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. i.e. if the fundamental frequency is 50Hz, the frequencies of the next harmonics are: 100 Hz (2nd harmonic), 150 Hz (3rd harmonic), 100 Hz (4th harmonic) etc.

  17. WHY THERE ARE HARMONICS ? Because of nonlinear components that are inherent in today's loads, there are harmonics. Main nonlinear load includes  UPS  Switching power supply  Rectifier  Frequency inverter  Frequency adjustable air conditioner  Inductive heating furnace  Electronic computer  Charger  Others

  18. EFFECTS OF HARMONICS Effects on power grid and power equipments Effect on capacitors Add power loss, Get abnormally hot, Shorten life span Effects to transformer Increase copper loss, shorten life span, may cause burning Effects to power cable Less current conduction ability, cause resonance Effects on power distribution circuits Affect line stability and safe running, Distortion in current and voltage waveform Effects to power equipments Low voltage switching equipment mal function, cause power trip Effects on motor Shorten life span , increase power loss, damage motor

  19. EFFECTS OF HARMONICS Effects on surrounding equipments Reduce relay protection system reliability, Interference to communication systems, image distortion, data errors etc More power loss, increase power cost • Harmonic generates extra harmonic power and increase company ‘ s power. cost • Harmonic's skin effect on cable cause very big cable temperature rise, power changes to heat cable and cause power waste, and cause insulation damage, cause discharge to earth. • Transformer's iron loss and copper losses are increased, cause transformer's noise and heat.

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