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Introduction An average of one worker is electrocuted on the job every day There are four main types of electrical injuries: Electrocution (death due to electrical shock) Electrical shock Burns -Falls Electrical Terminology

  2. Introduction • An average of one worker is electrocuted on the job every day • There are four main types of electrical injuries: • Electrocution (death due to electrical shock) • Electrical shock • Burns -Falls

  3. Electrical Terminology • Current – the movement of electrical charge • Resistance – opposition to current flow • Voltage – a measure of electrical force • Conductors – substances, such as metals, that have little resistance to electricity • Insulators – substances, such as wood, rubber, glass, and bakelite, that have high resistance to electricity • Grounding – a conductive connection to the earth which acts as a protective measure

  4. Electrical Shock • Received when current passes through the body • Severity of the shock depends on: • Path of current through the body • Amount of current flowing through the body • Length of time the body is in the circuit • LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD

  5. Dangers of Electrical Shock • Currents greater than 75 mA* can cause ventricular fibrillation (rapid, ineffective heartbeat) • Will cause death in a few minutes unless a defibrillator is used Defibrillator in use • 75 mA is not much current – a small power drill uses 30 times as much * mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere

  6. How is an electrical shock received? • When two wires have different potential differences (voltages), current will flow if they are connected together • In most household wiring, the black wires are at 110 volts relative to ground • The white wires are at zero volts because they are connected to ground • If you come into contact with an energized (live) black wire, and you are also in contact with the white grounded wire, current will pass through your body and YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK

  7. How is an electrical shock received? (cont’d) • If you are in contact with an energized wire or any energized electrical component, and also with any grounded object, YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK • You can even receive a shock when you are not in contact with a ground • If you contact both wires of a 240-volt cable, YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK and possibly be electrocuted

  8. Electrical Burns & Arc Flashes • Most common shock-related, nonfatal injury • Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained • Typically occurs on the hands • Very serious injury that needs immediate attention

  9. Electrical Hazards - ARC FLASH • An arc flash is the energy released as a result of an arcing . • ARC FLASH INJURIES: – FLASH BURNS – BURNS from CLOTHING – BLAST SHRAPNEL – BLAST PRESSURE – HEARING LOSS

  13. Falls • Electric shock can also cause indirect or secondary injuries • Workers in elevated locations who experience a shock can fall, resulting in serious injury or death

  14. Electrical Standards Standards broken down into 2 groups:  Design safety standards for electrical systems- 29 CFR 1910.302-308  Safety-related work practices 29 CFR 1910.331-335  Definitions applicable are found in 29 CFR 1910.339

  15. Basic Electrical 1910. 302-308 : Design safety standards for electrical systems. Standards found in 1910.302-308 are design safety standards for electric utilization of all electric equipment used to provide electric power and light for employee workplaces.

  16. Basic Electrical 1910. 331-335 Safety - related work practices. These regulations are contained in 1910.331-.335 and require the employer to train and equip designated employees to maintain facility’s electrical equipment.

  17. Basic Electrical 1910. 301-305 Definitions applicable are found in 1910.399 This standard is used to define common terms used in the electric industry and NEC. It includes the classes of hazardous locations.

  18. Basic Electrical 1910. 302 Practical Safeguarding of employees Electric utilization systems  Scope- Covered electrical installations and utilization equipment installed on or used within or on buildings, structures, and other premises.

  19. Basic Electrical 1910. 303 Practical Safeguarding of employees Design safety standards for electrical systems. a) Use only approved equipment (Listed NRTL) • 1910.303(a) Approval –All electrical conductors and equipment shall be approved. UNDERW RITERS LABORATORIES LISTED ENCLOSED SWITCH Issue AK 3225 1910.303(a) NEC Article 110-2 5

  20. Basic Electrical 1910. 303 Practical Safeguarding of employees Examination, installation, and use of equipment b) Examination - Electrical equipment shall be free from recognized hazards that are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees -Suitability for installation

  21. Basic Electrical 1910. 303 Practical Safeguarding of employees (2) Installation and use c) Splices d) Arcing parts shall be enclosed e) Marking f) Identification of disconnecting means B-40274-855 DANGER HAZARD OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK OR BURN. SEE INSTRUCTIONS INSIDE DOOR B-40274-855

  22. Basic Electrical 1910. 303 Practical Safeguarding of employees Design safety standards for electrical systems. g) 600 Volts or less Working clearances (>3 feet) (2) Guarding of live parts >50 volts by: * Approved cabinets * Room or vault * Partitions or locations * Elevations of 8 feet or more

  23. Basic Electrical 1910. 303 Practical Safeguarding of employees ( h ) 600 Volts or More clearances (>3 feet) (2) Guarding of live parts by enclosures: * Approved 8 foot fence area * Room or vault with lock & key * Accessible to qualified personnel only

  24. Basic Electrical 1910. 304 Wiring design and protection Practical Safeguarding of employees a) Use and identification of grounded and grounding conductors. 1. Identification of grounded and grounding conductors 2. Polarity of connections 3. Use of grounding terminals and devices

  25. 1910.304(a)(2) Normal Wiring Reverse Polarity Neutral Hot Neutral Hot Ground Ground 1910.304(a)(2) NEC Article 200-11

  26. Basic Electrical 1910. 304 Wiring design and protection Practical Safeguarding of employees (b) Branch circuits 1. Reserved 2. Outlet devices (c) Outside conductors < 600 volts 2. Clearances of open conductors * 10 feet - above sidewalks * 12 feet - subjected to traffic * 15 feet - Truck traffic

  27. Basic Electrical 1910. 304 Wiring design and protection Practical Safeguarding of employees (d) Services 1. Disconnecting means 2. Services over 600 volts * Guarding to allow qualified only * High voltage signs posted 1000kV Danger

  28. Basic Electrical 1910. 304 Wiring design and protection Practical Safeguarding of employees e) Over current protection 1. 600 volts or less * Protection of conductors & equipment * Continuity of grounded conductors 2. Over 600 volts * Short circuit protection

  29. Basic Electrical 1910. 304 Wiring design and protection . f) Grounding 1. Systems to be grounded * All 3 wire DC systems neutral conductor * 2 wire DC systems * AC circuits of less than 50 volts if…….. * AC systems of 50-1000 volts 2. Conductors to be grounded * For AC premises wiring the identified conductor shall be grounded

  30. Basic Electrical 1910. 304 Wiring design and protection . f) Grounding 3. Grounding connections * For a grounded system, a grounding electrode conductor shall be used to connect both the equipment grounded conductor and the grounded circuit conductor to the grounded electrode. 4. Grounding path: * The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures shall be permanent and continuous.

  31. 1910.305(a)(2)(ii)(I) Flexible cords and cables shall be protected from damage. Sharp corners and projections shall be avoided. Flexible cords and cables may pass through doorways or other pinch points, if protection is provided to avoid damage.

  32. 1910.305(b)Cabinets, boxes, and fittings. (b)(1) Conductors entering boxes, cabinets, or fittings. Conductors entering boxes, cabinets, or fittings shall be protected from abrasion, and openings through which conductors enter shall be effectively closed. • Unused openings in cabinets, boxes, and fittings shall also be effectively closed.

  33. 1910.305(c) Switches 1. Knife switches shall be connected so the blades are dead when the switch is in the open position I_I

  34. 1910.305(d) Switchboards and Panelboards • Switchboards located in dry areas and assessable to qualified personnel only • Panelboards shall be mounted in cabinets and have a dead front with no exposed live parts

  35. 1910.305(e) Enclosures for damp or wet locations • Cabinets, cutouts boxes, fittings, and panelboards shall be weatherproof • Switches, circuit breakers, and switchboards shall be in weather proof enclosures

  36. 1910.305(f) Conductors for general wiring • All conductors shall be insulated and approved for the voltage and temperature and distinguishable by color

  37. 1910.305(g) Flexible cords and cables • Shall be approved and suitable for use and conditions • Shall be used for wiring of fixtures, portable lamps, appliances, pendants, etc • Shall Not be used as a substitute for fixed wiring

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