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TwiJer Sbas1en Bachollet @sebbach Internet Gouvernance & Geopoli1cs History & Principles Ecosystem TwiJer Sbas1en Bachollet Olivier Crepin Olivier Crepin LeBlond Trivandrum, Kerala, India LeBlond 24 October 2017 @Olivier_CL

  1. TwiJer Sébas1en Bachollet @sebbach Internet Gouvernance & Geopoli1cs History & Principles Ecosystem TwiJer Sébas1en Bachollet Olivier Crepin Olivier Crepin LeBlond Trivandrum, Kerala, India LeBlond 24 October 2017 @Olivier_CL

  2. Internet Governance, History & Principles 2 3 1 Various Internet Various organiza1ons History landscape ISOC / IAB / IETF UIT / W3C / FGI OP3FT / I& J 4 5 6 ICANN Calendar AFNIC Structure TLDs Links and IANA Bibliographie Accountability | 2

  3. WGIG Final Report (2005) • Internet Governance Defini1on • Internet governance is the development and applica3on by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respec3ve roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision- making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolu3on and use of the Internet | 3

  4. The Five Waves of Internet Governance • Wave 1: Military (1957 –1970s) – DARPA-Net • Wave 2: Academic (1970s –1990s) – TCP/IP • Wave 3: Commercial (1990s –2000s) – WWW • Wave 4: Massmedia (2000s –2010s) – WSIS • Wave 5: Everybody & Everything (2010+) – The New Internet Complexity (NMI & IOT) | 4

  5. Internet Gouvernance & Geopoli1cs History & Principles Ecosystem History

  6. The Internet ¢ Technology developed since the 1960s ¢ Technical specifications: l Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) l Multi-stakeholder development ¢ Distributed system l Network of networks l No single owner of the Internet ¢ Dynamic Naming System (DNS) since 1980s l A hierarchy of name servers with one single Root l Fully distributed around the world 6

  7. The Internet Ecosystem • The Internet is successful in large part due to its unique model – shared global ownership – development based on open standards – freely accessible processes for technology and policy development • The Internet’s unprecedented success con1nues to thrive because the Internet model is – open – transparent – collabora1ve • The model relies on processes and products that are local, boJom-up, and accessible to users around the world | 7

  8. Internet timeline - 1961 J.C.R. Licklider (MIT): “ Galactic Network ” concept Leonard Kleinrock publishes a paper on Packet Switching Packet Circuit Switching Switching 8

  9. Self-management of these resources has allowed the global Internet to grow from this… 1969 First Packet Switching Node of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

  10. Internet timeline - tracking ¢ Request for Comment (RFC) # 1 written by Steve Crocker in 1969 ¢ RFCs are the “ standards ” of the Internet 10

  11. Internet timeline - 1971 11

  12. Internet timeline - 1971 1972 First Electronic Mail sent. 12

  13. Internet timeline - 1973 The network still uses NCP – Network Control Protocol 13

  14. Internet timeline - 1973 1974 TCP/IP with IPv4 designed by Bob Kahn (BBN) and Vint Cerf (Stanford) 14

  15. Internet timeline - 1975 15

  16. Internet timeline - 1977 16

  17. Internet timeline - 1982 17

  18. Internet timeline - 1985 18

  19. Internet timeline - 1985-6 Host Tables 26.17.0.1 obl-link-gw.eucom.mil obl-link-gw.arpa # gateway ¢ 26.4.0.2 dfvlren-gw.army.mil dfvlren-gw.arpa # gateway ¢ 26.19.0.2 patch-gw.army.mil # gateway ¢ 26.1.0.3 nosc-gw.nosc.mil nosc-gw.arpa # gateway ¢ 26.3.0.3 nprdc-gw.navy.mil nprdc-gw.arpa # gateway ¢ 26.5.0.3 sdcsvax-gw.ucsd.edu sdcsvax-gw.arpa # gateway ¢ 26.12.0.3 sssd-gw.sssd.navy.mil sssd.arpa # gateway ¢ 26.15.0.3 scubed-gw.scubed.com scubed-gw.arpa s-cubed- ¢ gw.arpa # gateway 26.16.0.3 gw-grunion.nosc.mil # gateway ¢ 26.3.0.4 usarmypr-gw.arpa # gateway ¢ 26.17.0.6 rdm-link-gw.eucom.mil # gateway ¢ 19

  20. Internet timeline - 1985 ¢ Domain Name System introduced l MIL l GOV l COM l NET l ORG l EDU 20

  21. Internet timeline - 1988 A-LHI-BBN-01.ARPA BBN Communications Corporation ¢ A-LHI-SRI-03.ARPA BBN Communications Corporation ¢ A.CS.UIUC.EDU University of Illinois ¢ ACC-SB-UNIX.ARPA Advanced Computer Communications (ACC) ¢ AFTERLIFE.ARPA Baltimore-Washington Science and Industry ¢ Center AI-GW.AI.MIT.EDU Massachusetts Institute of Technology ¢ Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ¢ AI.AI.MIT.EDU Massachusetts Institute of Technology ¢ Artificial Intelligence Laboratory ¢ AI.CEL.FMC.COM FMC Corporation Central Engineering ¢ Laboratories AMC.XAIT.XEROX.COM Computer Corporation of America Four ¢ Cambridge Center ANOC1.ARPA Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) ¢ ARPA-GW.CAM.UNISYS.COM Unisys ¢ ARPA-GW.CC.ROCHESTER.EDU NYSERNET, Inc. ¢ ARPA-GW.CS.UCLA.EDU University of California, Los Angeles ¢ School of Engineering and Applied Science ¢ 21

  22. Internet timeline - 1988 USENET /-----------------------------------------------------\ / \ bellcore-----ulysses alberta-----ucb-vision \ (linus) | | | : \ | | clyde-----cbosgd-----ihnp4 uw-beaver-----tektronix-----decvax-\ | / | : | | | \ | | watmath-----utgpu vuwcomp (europe) (mit-eddie) cae780 | | | | | | : | | | | | | | (ames) utzoo munnari mcvax ... kddlab ... hplabs---decwrl | | | | / | : / : | | | | / mnetor ... uunet----------------------amdahl | | | | / \ | | | | | | /---cmcl2-----philabs \---------nbires | / | | | | / | | : | / | rutgers-----husc6-----linus-----(decvax) : | /----ucbvax | | | \ | \ : | / | | | | \ | \---------------------------hao-------ames-----sdcsvax | | | \ | | | | \ \ mit-eddie ... (uw-beaver) | (rutgers) | \ \ | | \ \--------------------------------------gatech----------------------mcnc \ / \-----------------------------------------------------------------/ 22

  23. Internet timeline - 1988 ¢ Large Networks l Military Network (MILNET) l CSNET (Computer Science Network) l JVNCNET, NYSERNET, SURANET, SDSCNET and BARRNET etc. ¢ BITNET (Because It ’ s Time NETwork) ¢ USENET (telephone dialling using modems and UUCP) ¢ 30,000 nodes 23

  24. Internet timeline - 1989 ¢ Military Network Separated (MILNET) ¢ MCI starts commercial email service on the Internet ¢ The rest of the Arpanet/Internet was paid for by the US Taxpayer but had more and more companies on it ¢ From 80,000 nodes in January to 160,000 nodes in November 24

  25. Internet timeline – 1990-91 ¢ PSI, UUNET, ANS CO+RE, are more commercial services starting operation ¢ NSFNET in full development for Education Network, with Acceptable Use Policies being developed ¢ The rest of the world starts connecting itself via various agreements 25

  26. Internet timeline – 1990-91 ¢ Internet Services: l E-mail l FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l Gopher l WAIS l Archie l Telnet (connect to remote host) ¢ All are text based 26

  27. Internet timeline – Gopher Internet Gopher Information Client 2.0 pl10 Directory Services --> 1. About This Directory. 2. College Telephone Book (text)/ 3. Connect to X.500 Directory <TEL> 4. Electronic Yellow Pages (Experimental) <TEL> 5. Finger to X.500 Services <?> 6. International Dialling Codes. 7. Internet "white pages" directory facility (Netfind) [Experime.. <TEL> 8. People's Locator on other sites (X.500 gateway)/ 9. Search College Telephone Book <?> 10. Top level mail domains. 11. UK STD codes (long - nearly 8000 lines). 12. UK STD codes (string search) <?> 13. X500 Data Summary. 14. X500 Great Britain DIT statistics. Press ? for Help, q to Quit, u to go up a menu Page: 1/1 27

  28. Internet timeline – 1991 ¢ CIX (Computer Internet Exchange) created by signatories PSINet, UUNET and CERFnet. ¢ First Neutral Exchange Point bypassing the NSFNET Backbone ¢ Established the concept of exchanging traffic between commercial Internet Service Providers 28

  29. Internet timeline – 1992 ¢ Tim Berners Lee invents HTML – Hypertext Markup Language and this opens the door to displaying text and pictures ¢ PCs start becoming more powerful to handle this ¢ University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign releases NCSA Mosaic 29

  30. First IBM Web Page NCSA Mosaic 1994 30

  31. UK Natural History Museum 1994 31

  32. Not only Computer Related Uses 32

  33. Internet timeline ¢ 1994 the web browser NetScape ¢ April 1994 – WebCrawler ¢ 1995 Yahoo! ¢ 1995 Microsoft Internet Explorer released ¢ 1995 Alta vista ¢ 1996 Ask Jeeves Search Engine (UK) ¢ 1998 Google ¢ 2005 Video sharing (YouTube) 33

  34. ASIA November 1993 34

  35. ASIA May 1997 35

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