Intelligent Compaction Intelligent Stan Rakowski Stan Rakowski Technical Services Manager Technical Services Manager
Compaction Meter History Compaction Meter History � Compaction meters to measure stiffness Compaction meters to measure stiffness � or modulus of soil and subbase or modulus of soil and subbase materials were developed in Europe in materials were developed in Europe in the late 70’ ’s and 80 s and 80’ ’s. s. the late 70 � Trials over many years show that the Trials over many years show that the � technology is fully field functional. technology is fully field functional. � Testing based on modulus provides Testing based on modulus provides � compaction results in real time and compaction results in real time and 100% roller coverage. 100% roller coverage. � Not widely used in the USA. Not widely used in the USA. �
Sakai Compaction Control Value Sakai Compaction Control Value CCV ” ” Operating Principle Operating Principle “ CCV “ � Measuring drum acceleration � Soil test section at SAKAI tech center P2 2 roller pass Acceleration (g) 20 15 10 加速度 (G) 5 0 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 -5 -10 -15 Time (sec) 時間 (秒) Soil: Sandy loam
Accelerometer Accelerometer
Change of Drum Change of Drum Acceleration Acceleration � Acceleration of drum becomes more Acceleration of drum becomes more � irregular as it encounters stiffer material. irregular as it encounters stiffer material. P2 P8 2 nd roller pass 8 roller passes 20 20 Acceleration (g) Acceleration (g) 15 15 10 10 加速度 (G) 加速度 (G) 5 5 0 0 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 -5 -5 -10 -10 -15 -15 Time (sec) Time (sec) 時間 (秒) 時間 (秒)
Changes in Amplitude Spectrum and Condition of Ground Filtered with band pass filters which correspond to 6 frequencies
From Acceleration to From Acceleration to Compaction Value Compaction Value 1 st Pass 2 nd Pass After Multiple Passes A2 A2 Power spectral A2 Power spectral A4 Power spectral A1 A4 A3 1/2F0 F0 3/2F0 2F0 5/2F0 3F0 A5 Frequency A6 1/2F0 F0 3/2F0 2F0 5/2F0 3F0 Frequency 1/2F0 F0 3/2F0 2F0 5/2F0 3F0 Frequency CCV formula; CCV formula; ＣＣＶ＝｛（Ａ１＋Ａ３＋Ａ４＋Ａ５＋Ａ６）／（Ａ１＋Ａ２）｝ ＝｛（Ａ１＋Ａ３＋Ａ４＋Ａ５＋Ａ６）／（Ａ１＋Ａ２）｝× ×１００ １００ ＣＣＶ Other formulas; Other formulas; ＣＭＶ ＝｛（Ａ４）／（Ａ２）｝ ＣＭＶ ＝｛（Ａ４）／（Ａ２）｝× ×１００ １００ ＣＣＶ２＝｛（Ａ３＋Ａ４＋Ａ５＋Ａ６）／（Ａ１＋Ａ２）｝ ＝｛（Ａ３＋Ａ４＋Ａ５＋Ａ６）／（Ａ１＋Ａ２）｝× ×１００ １００ ＣＣＶ２ PWRI* ＝｛√（ ＝｛√（Ａ３ Ａ３ ２ ２ ＋Ａ４ ＋Ａ４ ２ ２ ＋Ａ５ ＋Ａ５ ２ ２ ＋Ａ６ ＋Ａ６ ２ ２ ）／√（Ａ１ ）／√（Ａ１ ２ ２ ＋Ａ２ ＋Ａ２ ２ ２ ）｝ ）｝× ×１００ １００ PWRI* * PWIR : Public Works Research Institute in Japan * PWIR : Public Works Research Institute in Japan
Simulation Results Simulation Results � Comparing acceleration output data Comparing acceleration output data � using four formulas. using four formulas. 60 CCV Type of soil-Sandy Loam 50 CCV2 2.2 Type of Roller: SV160DV 砂質ローム , 締固め厚 30cm PRWI 2.1 Dry density Dry density 40 CMV 乾燥密度 (g/cm 3 ) 2 (g/cm 3 ) (g/cm 1.9 30 1.8 20 1.7 1.6 10 1.5 0 2 4 8 16 締固め回数 0 Number of roller Number of roller 0 4 8 12 16 passes passes Number of roller passes
CCV System CCV System CCV display unit Controller A/D input and D output Battery: 12 or 24 V
Wisconsin State Highway 77 Wisconsin State Highway 77 Sakai SV510D with CCV Sakai SV510D with CCV • Good correlation between nuclear Good correlation between nuclear • density gauges and CCV for density gauges and CCV for aggregate subbase. aggregate subbase. • CCV crucial to identifying soft areas CCV crucial to identifying soft areas • prior to paving on warranty project. prior to paving on warranty project.
Real Time Moving Display Real Time Moving Display VALUE directly under the vibrating drum Target value indicates specified compaction level Moving display Stiff spot: No more compaction is needed. Soft spot Adjusts CCV range from 30 to 100 Adjusts time range Vibration Frequency from 6 to 60 sec in Hz
Density/Stiffness Correlation Density/Stiffness Correlation CCV is correlated w ith target density or stiffness using calibration sw itch y = 143.47x - 193.91 70 2 = 0.9302 R CAL-CCV value 50 CCV Required 30 density 10 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 CAL sw itch Density: γd (g/cm 3 )
-09 09 NCHRP 21- NCHRP 21
RTK GPS RTK GPS gives centimeter accuracy gives centimeter accuracy
GPS Receiver & Radio GPS Receiver & Radio
CCV & GPS CCV & GPS Roller Base GPS Antenna GPS Antenna Radio modem receiver GPS receiver Radio modem RTK GPS transmitter Computer Power source Signal from I/F unit the roller ＊ Direction ＊ Vib. On/Off Battery ＊ Vib. Hi/Lo
New Views of the New Views of the New Views of the Compaction Process Compaction Process Compaction Process
True Real Time Digital Data True Real Time Digital Data
Basic CCV Software for Smaller Projects For Larger Projects Office Soft ＋ ＋ Office Soft Roller Soft Roller Soft （ AutoCAD Add-In ） 1 Make a PLAN file 1 Make a PLAN file ・ Input Job Coordinates ・Input Job Coordinates ・ Input Roller Information ・Input Roller Information ・ System setting ;Comm., ・System setting ;Comm., 2 Roller Operation and Recording 2 Roller Operation and Recording ・ Real Time visual display. ・ Real Time visual display ・ Recording all data. ・ Recording all data. 3 Documentation 3 Documentation ・System can display ・System can display automated data models automated data models ・Database IC(GPS+CCV) SOFTWARE
CCV for HMA CCV for HMA
Number of Roller Passes Number of Roller Passes during Breakdown Rolling during Breakdown Rolling � NRP is not uniform. NRP is not uniform. � Shoulder (Supported) Longitudinal Joint
Number of Roller Passes Number of Roller Passes during Finish Rolling during Finish Rolling � NRP is not uniform. NRP is not uniform. � Longitudinal Joint Shoulder (Median) side
Stiffness of Pavement Stiffness of Pavement during Breakdown Rolling during Breakdown Rolling The stiffness at the final roller pass in each The stiffness at the final roller pass in each 1. 1. location. location. 2 (4,350 to Variation: 30 to 90 MN/ m 2 (4,350 to Variation: 30 to 90 MN/ m 2. 2. 13,055 PSI) . 13,055 PSI) . Paving Direction Shoulder side (Supported) Longitudinal Joint
Stiffness vs. Density Stiffness vs. Density during Breakdown Rolling during Breakdown Rolling Better correlation Better correlation 1. 1. 55 between stiffness between stiffness measured during measured during Cent er Joi nt Si d e 50 breakdown rolling breakdown rolling Shoul d er Si d e and core density. Eα (M N /m 2 ) and core density. All cores were cut 45 All cores were cut 2. 2. R 2 = 0. 56 after finishing after finishing rolling was done. rolling was done. 40 Coordinates of core Coordinates of core 3. 3. locations were locations were 35 measured by GPS. measured by GPS. 88. 0 90. 0 92. 0 94. 0 96. 0 98. 0 Per cent a g e of TMD[ Cor e] ( %)
Stiffness of Pavement during Stiffness of Pavement during Finish Rolling Finish Rolling The stiffness at the final roller pass in each The stiffness at the final roller pass in each 1. 1. location. location. 2 (4,350 to 8,700 Variation: 30 to 60 MN/ m 2 (4,350 to 8,700 Variation: 30 to 60 MN/ m 2. 2. PSI). PSI). Paving Direction Longitudinal Joint Shoulder (Median) side
Temperature of Pavement Temperature of Pavement Surface during Breakdown Surface during Breakdown Rolling Rolling The surface temperature at final The surface temperature at final 1. 1. roller pass in each location. roller pass in each location. o F to 180 o F. Variation: 270 o F to 180 o F. Variation: 270 2. 2. Paving Direction Shoulder side (Supported) Longitudinal Joint
Number of Roller Passes Number of Roller Passes Direction of Construction Number of Roller Passes 1 2 3 4 5 or more Displays the number of passes and shows compaction coverage
Compaction Control Value Compaction Control Value CCV CCV Direction of Construction CCV 0 - 4 4 - 5 5 - 6 6 - 7 7 or more CCV gives the roller measured compaction value The dots indicate the location of cores drilled from the pavement
8.0 7.0 2 = 0.69 R 6.0 5.0 CCV 4.0 3.0 2.0 88.0 89.0 90.0 91.0 92.0 Percentage of Theoretical Maximum (Core) [%] Correlation between CCV and Percent of Theoretical Maximum Density
Surface Temperature Surface Temperature Direction of Construction Surface Temperature 0 - 80 80 - 90 90 - 100 100 - 110 110 - 160 Surface temperature ° C at compaction
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