Innovation in Construction 3dExperience Forum 2012
Martin Simpson Martin Simpson Associate Director Arup Professor of Innovation University of Salford
Why do things differently?
Global Consumption of Resources = = x ? =
World set to treble consumption by 2050. If the world continues using its natural resources at the current rates we will be getting through 140 billion tonnes of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass by 2050
London by night The 160 million buildings in the EU use 40% of Europe’s energy and create 40% of it’s carbon dioxide. 8
Waste in the Construction Industry “Rethinking Construction” by Sir John Egan - 1998. • 30% of construction is rework • 40% of the manpower used on construction sites can be wasted • At least 10% materials are wasted • Over 40% of projects are completed late or over budget.
Duplication of Work The cost of inadequate interoperability in the U.S. capital facilities industry estimated at: $15.8 billion per year 10
How Cost Changes with Time Cost This must be avoided This is the ideal place for change to occur, ie where it is cheap! Egan stated that up to 30% of construction is rework Time Feasibility Detailed Construction Concept Post Design Design Construction To cost of post construction change is many times the cost of change during design
How the ability to influence change varies with time Ability to influence change Time Feasibility Detailed Construction Concept Post Design Design Construction Macleamy’s
The Project Life-Cycle Feasibility The Stages of a project • Feasibility
The Project Life-Cycle Pre-construction Feasibility Design Tender The Stages of a project • Feasibility • Pre-construction
The Project Life-Cycle Pre-construction Feasibility Construction Design Tender The Stages of a project • Feasibility • Pre-construction • Construction
The Project Life-Cycle Pre-construction Feasibility Construction Operation Design Tender The Stages of a project • Feasibility • Pre-construction • Construction • Operation
The Project Life-Cycle Pre-construction Feasibility Construction Operation Decommission Design Tender The Stages of a project • Feasibility • Pre-construction • Construction • Operation • Decommission
Fractured Processes within the Construction Industry Façade Design Quantities Extraction
MacLeamy’s Curves showing commitment of resource to design (including final fabrication design) Ability to influence change Time Feasibility Detailed Construction Concept Post Design Design Construction
Information Flow across the Project Life-Cycle Data, Information & Knowledge , ? Current Practice Concept Design As Built Handover Construction Date atrophy during project lifecycle due to: e l • Information exchange via 2D drawings/Sketches/Reports/Conversations... E x a m p • Upfront simulation is limited and for some disciplines simulation is not accurate • We start the final production phase commence before design is complete. • Often without production of prototypes (Most buildings are unique!)
MacLeamy’s Curve Ability to influence change Time Feasibility Concurrent Assembly Concept Operation Design & Design Fabrication Design
What is BIM?
Defining BIM “A coordinated digital dataset that contains appropriate computable information necessary to design, build, operate and ultimately decommission a project” * Sharing Structured Information
BIM is.... Project Team members need to be able to exchange and stored project data quickly and Building Information Information with confidence Model (Management) Communication Technology BIM Geometrical & Project Technical Project Team members Project Team members Information Simulations need coordinated up to need carry out tasks in Management (Virtual Prototype) date information to be such a way that they are able to do modelling & easily coordinated, calculations recorded and verified ...Sharing Structured Information
In fact… • BIM is not confined to Buildings. It is a tool for the built environment and equally applicable to any asset. (Perhaps Asset is more appropriate than Building!) • Model does not mean 3D model. Think Financial Model or Scientific Model. It reflects the way something behaves rather than limited to physical existence. • Information is key. ...Perhaps Asset Information Management is more appropriate!
BIM = Total Architecture “The term ‘Total Architecture’ implies that all relevant design decisions have been considered together and have been integrated into a whole by a well organised team empowered to fix priorities” Sir Ove Arup – The Key Speech - 1970 “This is an ideal which can never – or only very rarely – “This is an ideal which can never – or only very rarely – be fully realised in practise, but which is well worth be fully realised in practise, but which is well worth, for striving for artistic wholeness or excellence depends on it, and for our own sake we need the stimulation produced by excellence”
Geometry
"Let no man ignorant of geometry enter here." Inscribed over the entrance to Plato’s academy in ancient Greece.
China Comic and Animation Museum (CCAM) Architect: MVRDV
CCAM - Bubbles Interaction Collection Theatre Lobby Library Education
CCAM Bubbles
CCAM Evolution to final concept Arches between Theatre and Interactive Bubbles
CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles Leg Outline Boundary Lines Adjacent Bubble Intersection
CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles Main Intermediate
This is where it gets interesting Theatre Main Intermediate Interactive Main Intermediate The intersections don’t line up!
CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles Theatre Main Intermediate Points of Intersection We need to use the points from the Theatre Bubble to define the lines for the Intersection so that the arches will line up
CCAM - This is where it gets interesting Theatre Main Intermediate Interactive (Below Occ) Main Intermediate Interactive (Above Occ) Main Intermediate The intersections don’t line up!
CCAM – VBA Code
CCAM - Education: Vertical Frames Vertical Frames correspond with floor levels
CCAM - Education: Horizontal Frames Horizontal Frames at floor levels and share load between vertical frame
CCAM - Education Bubble Complete
CCAM - Complete Model
CCAM - Complete Model
Simulation
CCAM - Structural Analysis Model
Rationalisation China Comic and Animation Museum - Process Architectural Requirements 2D Drawing 3D Parametric Model Structural Analysis Model Member Analysis Design
Evolution of Optimisation Structural Optimisation Large Analytical Models Automated Design of Elements Spreadsheets Hard Code • Optimisation for Minimum Weight • Optimisation for No of Elements Optimisation
Roof space frame sizing optimization
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Virtual Prototype
Optimisation Structural Optimisation OBJECTIVES • Minimize steel weight VARIABLES • 1955 member size variables (~20 size choices) Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) CONSTRAINTS • Strength (BS5950 2000) • Deflection (SPAN / 360 for SLS) • Architectural requirements Circular Hollow Section (CHS) Universal Beam (UB) Section
Optimisation Structural Optimisation PROCESS METRICS Design Cycle Total Total Design Method Time Design Cycles Time Conventional 4 hrs 39 9360 min Serial Opt (1 CPU) 6 min 8042 48250 min Parallel Opt (128 CPUs) 3 sec 8042 402 min PRODUCT METRICS -19% (~$5M savings) Optimized 1146 1146 Design Conventional 1414 1414 Design 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Total Steel Weight (met tons))
Communication
Virtual Design Review
Sharing Information at the Human level Virtual Design Review meetings
Fabrication
Renkioi Hospital, Dardanelles • Commissioned February 1855 • Brunel played the roles of architect, planner, structural engineer, mechanical, electrical and public health engineers and management contractor. • Design Period: 6 days • Fabricated & Shipping byMay • First 300 patients on 11 August 1885 • 1000 beds by December • By the end of March 1856 it could have accommodated 2,200 patients. • PreRenkioi, mortality rates were 42%. Once Brunel's hospital was operational, deaths fell to 3.5%.
Crystal Palace – The Great Exhibition • 563m long by 124m wide • 400 tons of glass, and 4000 tons of iron, • Floor area of 74,320 m 2 with over 8 miles of tables • Displaying over 100,000 objects
Crystal Palace - Design Team Joseph Paxton Head Gardener at Chatsworth House Experience: Orangery & The Large Greenhouse
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