Innovation Comparison in Asia Ashish Rana (NIES, Japan) P.R. Shukla - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Innovation Comparison in Asia Ashish Rana (NIES, Japan) P.R. Shukla (IIM, Ahmedabad, India) Kejun Jiang (ERI, China) R.M. Shrestha (AIT, Bangkok, Thailand) The 8 th AIM International Workshop 13-15 March 2003

Innovation Indicators Environmental Efficiency Indicators Environmental Efficiency Indicators Environmental Production Indicators Environmental Production Indicators Sector-wise Indicators Environmental Consumption Indicators Environmental Consumption Indicators Environmental Governance Indicators Environmental Governance Indicators

Innovation Indicators Electricity sector Electricity sector CO2 Emission Factor of Electricity Distribution Loss of Electricity (1999) (1999) 0.90 25% 0.80 20% 0.70 Emission Factor (kgCO2/ kWh) 0.60 Distribution Loss 15% 0.50 0.40 10% 0.30 0.20 5% 0.10 0.00 0% Philippines Philippines I ndia I ndia China I ndonesia Thailand China I ndonesia Thailand Japan Korea Japan Korea Vietnam Vietnam Share of Electricity Generation Thermal Efficiency of fuel power plant (1999) (1999) 100% 50% 90% 45% Thermal Efficiency of fuel power plant 80% 40% Share of Electricity Generation 70% 35% 60% 30% Others 50% 25% Hydro 40% 20% Nuclear 30% 15% Coal,Oil,Gas 20% 10% 10% 5% 0% 0% China I ndia I ndonesia Japan Korea Philippines Thailand China I ndia I ndonesia Japan Korea Philippines Thailand Vietnam Vietnam Source: IEA Energy Balance

Innovation Indicators Industrial sector Industrial sector Energy intensity in pulp and paper sector (1993) Energy consumption per Value added of manufacturing etc. 0.35 Energy intensity of Pulp & Paper sector 0.3 4500 0.25 (toe/ton) 0.2 4000 Energy consumption per Value added of manufacuturing etc. (goe/US$) 0.15 0.1 3500 Brunei 0.05 Cambodia Energy intensity in cement 3000 0 China China Philippines Japan Thailand sector (1995) India Indonesia 2500 Japan 0.14 Korea Energy intensity in Cement sector 0.12 Lao 2000 Malaysia 0.1 Myanmar (toe/ton) Philippines 0.08 Singapore 1500 0.06 Thailand Vietnam 0.04 1000 0.02 1 0.9 Energy intensity in Steel sector (toe/ ton) 0 Philippines Japan Korea Thailand 500 0.8 0.7 0.6 0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 0.5 0.4 0.3 Source: IEA 、 World Bank 0.2 0.1 0 Energy intensity in steel China Japan Korea sector (1994) Source: APERC

Innovation Indicators Residential sector Residential sector Energy consumption per capita in residential sector 450 400 Energy consumption per capita in Residential 350 300 Sector (goe, 2000) 250 Commercial Biomass 200 Energy consumption per capita – Electricity Household final consumption per capita Coal, Oil, Gas etc 150 100 450 50 400 Energy consumption per capita (goe, '80-'90-'98) 0 China I ndia I ndonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Singapore Vietnam 350 300 China India 250 Source: IEA, World Bank Indonesia Japan 200 Korea Malaysia 150 Philippines Singapore 100 Thailand 50 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 Household final consumption expenditure (constant 1995 US$) per capita ('80-'90-'98) Source: IEA, World Bank

Innovation Indicators Transportation sector Transportation sector Energy Consumption in Transportation Sector Vehicle per 1000 persons 100,000 600.0 90,000 Energy consumption in Transportation sector 500.0 Vehicles per 1,000 persons (1998) 80,000 70,000 400.0 (kTOE, 2000) 60,000 300.0 Others 50,000 Rail 40,000 Internal Navigation 200.0 30,000 Road 20,000 100.0 10,000 0.0 0 Brunei China India Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Brunei China India I ndonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Singapore Vietnam Source: IEA Source: IRF Vehicle per 1000 persons – Household final consumption per capita Energy consumption per vehicle 600 5.0 Energy consumption per vehicle (TOE, 1998) 4.5 500 Vehicles per 1,000 persons (1990-1996) 4.0 3.5 400 China 3.0 India Indonesia 2.5 300 Japan 2.0 Korea Malaysia 200 1.5 Philippines 1.0 Singapore Thailand 100 0.5 0.0 Brunei China India Indonesia Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Japan 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Household final consumption expenditure (constant 1995 US$) per capita (1990-1996) Source: IRF, World Bank Source: IEA, IRF

Innovation Indicators Industrial sector Industrial sector Water pollutant per capita – GDP per capita 14 12 BOD Emission per capita(kg/day, '80-'90-'97) 10 8 China India Indonesia 6 Japan Korea 4 Malaysia Philippines Singapore 2 0 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 GDP per capita (constant 1995 US$, '80-'90-'97) Source: World Bank

Agriculture sector Agriculture sector Source: FAO Agricultural production per agricultural area Agricultural production per agricultural area (1999) (10^ 3kcal/km2) 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Source: FAO Fertilizer consumption per agricultural area Lao (t/km2) 100 150 200 250 300 350 Malaysia 400 450 50 0 Brunei Myanmar Cambodia Philippines China Thailand India Viet Nam Indonesia Japan Innovation Indicators Fertilizer consumption per agricultural area (1999) Korea Lao Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam

Innovation Indicators Environmental Market Environmental Market 5000 4500 4000 Environmental Market (million US$, 1997) 3500 3000 1.6% 2500 Others 1.4% Waste 2000 Air Water Environmental Market per GDP (1997) 1.2% 1500 1000 1.0% 500 0.8% 0 India I ndonesia Korea, Rep Malaysia China Mainland Philipinnes Thailand Veitnam Singapore 0.6% 0.4% * Water:Water Equipment & Chemicals, Water Treatment Works, Water Utilities Air : Pollution Control 0.2% Waste : Waste Management Equipment, Solid Waste Management, Haz Waste Management, Resource Recovery Others : Instruments & Monitoring Systems, Processes & Prevention Technology, Consulting & Engineering, Remendation, Analystical Service Source : EBI "Asia Country Briefings" 0.0% India I ndonesia Korea, Rep Malaysia Philipinnes China Mainland Singapore Thailand Veitnam Japan

India and China: Share in World Emissions – CO2 1990, World CO2 Emissions 5827 MtC India Rank# 5 153 MtC 3% China Rank# 2 617 MtC 11% 2000, World CO2 Emissions 6393 MtC India Source: EIA 255 MtC Rank# 5 4% China Rank# 2 817 MtC 13% Source: IEA

India and China: Share in World Emissions – Non-CO2 1990, World CH4 Emissions 1554 MMTCE India 104 7% China 210 14% 1995, World N2O Emissions 904 MMTCE India 90 10% China 46 5% Source: EMF21

Share of GHGs in China and India China, 1990 China, 1990 Range - Total GHG Emissions = 2624 MT CO2-Equiv. CO2 CO2 75% 68% CH4 26% CH4 23% N2O N2O 6% India, 1995 2% Total GHG Emissions = 2362 MT CO2-Equiv. Source: ALGAS CO2 63% CH4 31% N2O 6% Total GHG Emissions = 1235 MT CO2 Equiv. Source: Garg and Shukla, 2002

CO2 Emissions 900 800 700 600 500 MtC 400 India 300 China 200 100 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

CO2 Intensity Index 1990 = 1 1.2 1 0.8 India 0.6 China 0.4 0.2 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Energy Intensity Index 1990 = 1 1.2 1 0.8 India 0.6 China 0.4 0.2 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Reasons for such intensity trends • Technology progress – Steel industry in India and China – Power generation and Building material industry in China • Change in fuel mix – More use of cleaner fuels • Structural change of economy • Effect of local environmental policies (in case of China)

Projection of Energy Intensity Steel Cement 1.2 1.05 Index 2000 = 1 1 1 0.8 0.95 0.6 0.9 0.4 India India 0.2 0.85 China China 0 0.8 2000 2010 2020 2030 Paper and Pulp 2000 2010 2020 2030 1.02 1 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 India China 0.88 0.86 2000 2010 2020 2030

CO2 Emissions Projection 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 MtC 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 India Baseline China Baseline India Mitigation China Mitigation

CO2 Intensity Projection Steel Cement Index 2000 = 1 1.2 1.2 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 India 0 2000 2005 2010 2020 2025 2030 China Paper & Pulp

Technology substitution Technologies gaining share over other types of technologies in Steel industry • China • India – New Coking Oven + – Improved coke oven Coke Wetting – Improved sintering – Japanese Sintering machine Furnace – Improved OF with – Wet TRT gas recovery – Directing Hot Strip – Improved gas based Mill Machine sponge iron making – DCF, Japanese ACF – Improved Hot Rolling & DCF