Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects Simone Del - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects Simone Del Vecchio Dipartimento di Matematica, Universit` a di Roma Tor Vergata based on a joint work with Luca Giorgetti Leipzig, 24 June 2017 Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 1 / 24

Plan of the talk • Preliminaries • How to “describe” discrete extensions of QFTs (local nets)? • Braided Products • Transparent boundary conditions for CFTs see [arXiv:1703.03605] Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 2 / 24

Local nets Algebraic Quantum Field Theory (AQFT) [Haag, Kastler 64]: � � O ∈ spacetime regions �− → A ( O ) ⊂ B ( H ) O = e.g. double cones in R 3+1 , or intervals in R H = Hilbert space of the quantum theory, A ( O ) = von Neumann algebra generated by observables localized in O (local algebras) � net of local observables or local net, denoted by {A} , if • A ( O ) ⊂ A ( ˜ O ) if O ⊂ ˜ O (isotony) O ) ′ if O and ˜ • A ( O ) ⊂ A ( ˜ O are space-like separated (locality) • g �→ U ( g ) unitary representation of a spacetime symmetry group P , e.g. obius group, such that U ( g ) A ( O ) U ( g ) ∗ = A ( g O ) (covariance) Poincar´ e or M¨ • Ω ∈ H ground state of the energy, U ( g )Ω = Ω (vacuum vector) and � O A ( O )Ω = H • Positive energy condition Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 3 / 24

Subfactors “Index” for subfactors [Jones 83]: • Subfactor: N ⊂ M where N , M von Neumann algebras in B ( H ) = bounded linear op’s on H , and N , M have trivial center (factors). • Index: Ind( N ⊂ M ) ≥ 1 “relative dimension of M wrt N ” N ⊂ M �− → Ind( N ⊂ M ) • invariant for subfactors ⇒ classification results • quantization for small admissible values (Jones’ rigidity theorem) Ind( N ⊂ M ) ∈ { 4 cos 2 ( π n ) , n = 3 , 4 , . . . } ∪ [4 , ∞ ] Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 4 / 24

Subfactors in QFT Extensions of QFTs are “nets of subfactors” [Longo, Rehren 95] : � � A ⊂ B i.e. A ( O ) ⊂ B ( O ) is a subfactor (or inclusion of von Neumann algebras) for every O . (Hilbert space H is fixed). Additionally require: • ∃ E standard (normal, faithful) conditional expectation from {B} to {A} i.e. ∃ a family E O ∈ E ( B ( O ) , A ( O )) with E O 2 ↾ B ( O 1 ) = E O 1 for O 1 ⊂ O 2 • Vacuum state ω ( · ) = (Ω , · Ω) is preserved by E , i.e. ω = ω ◦ E . Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 5 / 24

Q-systems E How to encode inclusion N ⊂ M with data of N ? When Ind ( N ⊂ M ) < ∞ ( N , M infinite factors) can use Q-systems in End ( N ) [Longo 94]. � Purely categorical notion. Same for inclusions of nets {A ⊂ B} with finite index. Use Q-systems in DHR {A} (Representation category of {A} ) [Longo, Rehren 95]. Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 6 / 24

Q-systems Definition (Longo 94) A Q-system in a simple C ∗ tensor category C is a triple ( θ, w, x ) x ∈ Hom C ( θ, θ 2 ) with θ ∈ Obj ( C ) , w ∈ Hom C (id , θ ) , satisfying the following properties: • Unit property: ( w ∗ × 1 θ ) ◦ x = (1 θ × w ∗ ) ◦ x = 1 θ • Associativity: ( x × 1 θ ) ◦ x = (1 θ × x ) ◦ x • Frobenius property: (1 θ × x ∗ ) ◦ ( x × 1 θ ) = x ◦ x ∗ = ( x ∗ × 1 θ ) ◦ (1 θ × x ) • Standardness: w ∗ ◦ w = x ∗ ◦ x = � � dim( θ )1 id , dim( θ )1 θ dim( θ ) = minimal dimension of θ . Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 7 / 24

Jones’ basic construction E Let N ⊂ M with M in standard form in B ( H ) i.e. ∃ Φ ∈ H cyclic and separating for M . Let Ω ∈ H implement the state (Φ , E ( · )Φ) on M . Define the Jones Projection: e N := [ N Ω] ∈ N ′ implements expectation E : e N me N = E ( m )e N for m ∈ M Jones extension: M 1 := M ∨ { e N } N ⊂ M ⊂ M 1 Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 8 / 24

Longo’s canonical endomorphism E N ⊂ M with N , M properly infinite. Let Φ ∈ H be a bicyclic and biseparating vector for N , M . Longo’s canonical endomorphism: γ : M → N γ ( m ) = J N , Φ J M , Φ mJ M , Φ J N , Φ J N , Φ , J M , Φ are Tomita’s modular conjugations of N , M wrt Φ . γ ( M ) ⊂ N ⊂ M ⊂ M 1 θ := γ ↾ N is canonical endomorphism for dual inclusion γ ( M ) ⊂ N � θ is the dual canonical endomorphism of N ⊂ M ( γ ( M ) ⊂ N ) ∼ = ( M ⊂ M 1 ) Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 9 / 24

Pimsner-Popa bases Definition E A Pimsner-Popa basis for N ⊂ M is a collection { M i } ⊂ M , i ∈ I , such that • E ( M i M ∗ j ) = δ i,j q i , q i projection in N (orthogonality “ � ξ i | ξ j � = δ i,j ”) i ∈ I M ∗ • � (completeness “ � i | ξ i �� ξ i | = 1 ”) i e N M i = 1 E e N = Jones projection for N ⊂ M . Expansion of m ∈ M wrt PiPo basis { M i } ⊂ M � M ∗ m = i E ( M i m ) i ∈ I Convergence in the topology induced by E -invariant states. Theorem (Fidaleo, Isola 99) E Every inclusion N ⊂ M of properly infinite von Neumann algebras with a normal faithful conditional expectation E : M → N admits a Pimsner-Popa basis { M i } ⊂ M . Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 10 / 24

Generalized Q-systems Definition (Fidaleo, Isola 99) θ ∈ End( N ) , w ∈ N , { m i } ⊂ N is a generalized (semidiscrete) Q-system iff • w ∗ w = 1 , w : id → θ in N (“intertwining property” of w ) • m ∗ i ww ∗ m i , i ∈ I are mutually orthogonal projections in N such that i m ∗ i ww ∗ m i = 1 (“Pimsner-Popa condition”) � • if n ∈ θ ( N ) ∨ { m i } and nw = 0 then n = 0 (“faithfulness condition”) Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 11 / 24

Generalized Q-systems Theorem (Fidaleo, Isola 99) Let N be a properly infinite von Neumann algebra with separable predual and θ ∈ End( N ) . Then the following are equivalent • There is a von Neumann algebra M such that N ⊂ M with E ∈ E ( M , N ) � = ∅ , and θ is a dual canonical endomorphism for N ⊂ M , i.e., θ = γ ↾ N where γ ∈ End( M ) is a canonical endomorphism for N ⊂ M . • The endomorphism θ is part of a generalized Q-system, ( θ, w, { m i } ) . E Idea: Given N ⊂ M , choose γ canonical endomorphism. Set θ = γ ↾ N . E ( · ) = w ∗ γ ( · ) w for some w : id → θ . E Choose PiPo basis { M i } for N ⊂ M , and set m i := γ ( M i ) Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 12 / 24

Generalized Q-systems (of intertwiners) E Goal: Encode information of a net extension {A ⊂ B} in data of {A} . Problem: Not clear how to “transport” generalized Q-systems to different local algebras. Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 13 / 24

Generalized Q-systems (of intertwiners) E Goal: Encode information of a net extension {A ⊂ B} in data of {A} . Problem: Not clear how to “transport” generalized Q-systems to different local algebras. � Restrict to a more specialized case. Definition A generalized Q-system of intertwiners in End( N ) is a generalized Q-system ( θ, w, { m i } ) with additionally m i : θ → θ 2 , i ∈ I . id θ • i • w = , m i = , i ∈ I θ θ θ Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 13 / 24

Discreteness Turns out: gen Q-sys of intertwiners characterize discrete inclusions. Definition N ⊂ M is discrete iff it is semidiscrete (i.e. ∃ E ∈ E ( M , N ) normal, faithful E restricted to M 1 ∩ N ′ is semifinite. conditional expectation) and ˆ Here ˆ E : M 1 → M dual operator-valued weight (“unbounded expectation”) ˆ E E N ⊂ M ⊂ M 1 = M ∨ { e N } . Proposition (Izumi, Longo, Popa 98) If N ⊂ M is an irreducible subfactor ( M ∩ N ′ = C ) then N ⊂ M discrete ⇔ θ ∼ = ⊕ i ρ i with dim( ρ i ) < ∞ . Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 14 / 24

Discreteness Theorem (S.D., Giorgetti) Let N be an infinite factor with separable predual and θ ∈ End( N ) . Then the following are equivalent • There is a von Neumann algebra M such that N ⊂ M is discrete and θ is a dual canonical endomorphism for N ⊂ M . • The endomorphism θ is part of a generalized Q-system of intertwiners in End( N ) , ( θ, w, { m i } ) . Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 15 / 24

Examples of discrete extensions in QFT Examples of (infinite index) discrete extensions in QFT are: • [Doplicher, Roberts 90] canonical field net extensions {A ⊂ F} in 3+1D with compact gauge group G , A = F G . • [Buchholz, Mack, Todorov 88] extensions {A ⊂ B} in 1D with A = U (1) -current, G = T . • Many extensions of { Vir c =1 } , classified by [Carpi 04], [Xu 05]. • “Braided product” of discrete extensions. Simone Del Vecchio (Uni Tor Vergata) Infinite Index Extensions of Local Nets and Defects 16 / 24