Infant Learning TEX 2016 (Language Learning), SISSA, Trieste Scott - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Infant Learning TEX 2016 (Language Learning), SISSA, Trieste Scott P. Johnson Department of Psychology Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences UCLA Los Angeles, California, USA

same or different?

same or different?

statistical learning in infancy

...golabutupirobidakupadotitupiropadotigolabubidakupadotitupirobidakugolabutupiropadotibidakutupirogolabubidakupadotitupirobidakugolabu... ...golabutupirobidakupadotitupiropadotigolabubidakupadotitupirobidakugolabutupiropadotibidakutupirogolabubidakupadotitupirobidakugolabu... familiarization

...golabutupirobidakupadotitupiropadotigolabubidakupadotitupirobidakugolabutupiropadotibidakutupirogolabubidakupadotitupirobidakugolabu... transitional transitional probabilities (TPs): probabilities (TPs) : .33 1.0 1.0 1.0 ...tupiro... ...ropado... test 1: test 2: ...tupiro tupiro tupiro... ...ropado ropado ropado... words vs. nonwords words vs. part-words

(auditory) statistical learning in infancy • Neonates: SL of syllables in speech (Teinonen et al., 2009) • 6-8 mo: learning of statistical distribution of phonemes (Maye et al., 2002) • 8 mo: SL of speech sounds in an artificial language (Saffran et al., 1996) • 8 mo: SL stems from sensitivity to TPs, not frequency (Aslin et al., 1998) • 8 mo: SL in tone sequences (Saffran et al., 1998) • 8 mo: SL in an unfamiliar natural language (Pelucchi et al., 2009a) • 8 mo: SL of backward TPs (Pelucchi et al., 2009b) • 8 mo: outputs of SL serve as candidate words embedded in new contexts (Saffran, 2001) • 10 mo: SL constrained by sensitivity to distribution of word length (Lew-Williams & Saffran, 2012) • 12 mo: SL of adjacent & nonadjacent dependencies (Lany & Gomez, 2008) • 17 mo: SL of word associations in high- but not low-TP settings (Hay et al., 2011) • 17 mo: outputs of SL serve as candidate words, associated with novel objects (Graf Estes et al., 2007) • 22 mo: outputs of SL serve as candidate words, associated with object categories (Lany & Saffran, 2010) • etc.

rule learning in infancy

Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao, & Vishton (1999)

familiarization Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao, & Vishton (1999)

familiar or novel? familiar test Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao, & Vishton (1999)

novel test familiar or novel? Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao, & Vishton (1999)

Familiar Novel 10 Looking times (s) 8 6 4 2 0 ABA vs. ABB; ABB vs. ABA ABB vs. AAB; AAB vs. ABB Marcus, Vijayan, Bandi Rao, & Vishton (1999)

visual statistical learning (VSL) in infancy

visual statistical learning (VSL) in infancy

structured 1.0 { TPs: 1.0 { 1.0 { { .33 { .33 time

Habituation Trials 1) 47.6 seconds… 5) 13.9 seconds 6) 6.7 seconds 7) 3.6 seconds Test Trials 1) Structured: 4.6 seconds 2) Random: 14.2 seconds 3) Structured: 4.4 seconds 4) Random…

visual statistical learning in infancy “These results are consistent with the existence of a domain general statistical learning device that is available to even very young infants (indeed, we found no evidence that the older infants were better able to compute the statistical structure in the input than the youngest infants we tested). Given the youngest age tested in addition to the lack of observed development, it seems reasonable to posit an associative mechanism that is functional with the onset of visual experience.” (Kirkham et al., 2002, p. B40)

visual statistical learning in infancy “These results are consistent with the existence of a domain general statistical learning device of a domain general statistical learning device that is available to even very young infants (indeed, we found no evidence that the older infants were better able to compute the statistical structure in the input than the youngest infants we tested). Given the youngest age tested in addition to the lack of observed development, it seems reasonable to posit an associative mechanism that is functional with the onset of visual experience.” functional with the onset of visual experience.” (Kirkham et al., 2002, p. B40)

visual statistical learning in infancy

visual statistical learning in infancy “These results are consistent with the existence of a domain general statistical learning device of a domain general statistical learning device that is available to even very young infants (indeed, we found no evidence that the older infants were better able to compute the statistical structure in the input than the youngest infants we tested). Given the youngest age tested in addition to the lack of observed development, it seems reasonable to posit an associative mechanism that is functional with the onset of visual experience.” functional with the onset of visual experience.” (Kirkham et al., 2002, p. B40)

visual rule learning in infancy Familiar Novel 10 Looking times (s) 8 6 4 2 0 ABA vs. ABB; ABB vs. ABA ABB vs. AAB; AAB vs. ABB

visual rule learning in infancy habituation: three triplets time test: time time three triplets ABB ABA

visual rule learning in infancy

visual statistical learning in infancy habituation: four triplets time test time time familiar 3-1-2 1.0 - 1.0 .33 - 1.0 TPs

visual statistical learning in infancy habituation: four triplets time novelty preference test time time familiar 3-1-2 1.0 - 1.0 .33 - 1.0 TPs

visual statistical learning in infancy

visual statistical learning in infancy habituation: three pairs time test time time familiar 2-1 1.0 TPs .33

visual statistical learning in infancy habituation: three pairs time novelty preference test time time familiar 2-1 1.0 TPs .33

visual statistical learning in infancy $#!!" !#,!" !!"#$%&%#'!())))!*'+,+'-+.!))))/!0)1! !#+!" !#*!" !#)!" !#(!" !#'!" !#&!" !#%!" !#$!" !#!!"

What are the constraints on statistical learning in infancy? A compendium of findings: • VSL is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) time time

What are the constraints on statistical learning in infancy? A compendium of findings: • VSL is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) • Visual rule learning is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) time time

What are the constraints on statistical learning in infancy? A compendium of findings: • VSL is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) • Visual rule learning is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) • Auditory rule learning is facilitated by familiar stimuli (speech)

What are the constraints on statistical learning in infancy? A compendium of findings: • VSL is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) • Visual rule learning is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) • Auditory rule learning is facilitated by familiar stimuli (speech) • Visual rule learning is not facilitated by another communicative signal (sign language)

What are the constraints on statistical learning in infancy? A compendium of findings: • VSL is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) • Visual rule learning is facilitated by familiar stimuli (faces) • Auditory rule learning is facilitated by familiar stimuli (speech) • Visual rule learning is not facilitated by another communicative signal (sign language) • Visual rule learning is facilitated by intermodal presentation (cf. Thiessen, 2012) time

What are the mechanisms of statistical learning in infancy?

What are the mechanisms of statistical learning in infancy? local redundancy predicts the end of a trial Expt. 1: pairs vs. random Expt. 2: pairs vs. triplets “...infants were not learning global properties of the grammars presented, but were responding to local redundancy over a six-item window” (p. 1142).

What are the mechanisms of statistical learning in infancy? Identification of similarity and redundancy are the core of numerous theories of learning: • Aristotle: law of similarity • Hume: law of resemblance • Berkeley: likeness principle • Ebbinghaus: law of association (association by contiguity) • Gestalt principle of similarity (Wertheimer, 1938) • Universal law of generalization for psychological science (Shepard, 1987) • ACCESS model (Align Candidates, Compare, Evaluate Statistical/Social Significance) of pattern learning (Goldstein et al., 2010) • Intersensory Redundancy Hypothesis (Bahrick, Lickliter, & Flom, 2004) • Repetition as a perceptual primitive (Endress et al., 2005) • Statistical computations of similarity facilitate learning nonadjacent relations (Newport & Aslin, 2004)

What are the mechanisms of statistical learning in infancy? habituation: three triplets time test: time time three triplets ABB ABA

What are the mechanisms of statistical learning in infancy?