In this talk Energy metabolism and fertility: focusing on what - PDF document

1/18/2017 Metabolic Health and antioxidants in dairy cows The sole way to reproductive performance? Jo Leroy DVM, PhD Jo.leroy@uantwerpen.be In this talk … • Energy metabolism and fertility: focusing on what really matters • Fertility … the deep dive • How sensitive is that oocyte and how important are anti-oxidants? • Conclusions 1

1/18/2017 Reproduction is … “The most sensitive cornerstone of modern dairying” sensitive cornerstone Metabolic pressure Milk yield Disease Replacement heifers Suboptimal management Cost efficiency Social stress Longevity Inadequate housing Sustainability NUTRITION Environmental pressure FARMER’S INCOME Lopez-Gatius et al., 2006 Is the cow adapted to the management and is the management adapted to the cow? 2

1/18/2017 Foto a^persç 3

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1/18/2017 Dairy cows account on body reserves to guarantee milk production! Loss of body condition is correlated with health problems and reproductive outcome 5

1/18/2017 BCS change is negatively correlated with the cow’s ability to ADAPT (by doing what?). BCS change is positively correlated with the cow’s vulnerability to malfunction and disease. 6

1/18/2017 The fairy tale of mother nature : …. … leading to nutrient prioritization … exploited by wise man … ending in suffering cows! Nutrient prioritization GLUCOSE No glucose  no lactose  no milk 7

1/18/2017 NEB insulin HSL GLUCOSE 3.2  1.5 mmol/l LIPOLYSIS Glut Nutrient 1&3 LACTOSE prioritization Milk Gravid uterus NEFA gluconeogenesis 0.15  1.0 mmol/l Alternative energy source in oxaloacetate peripheral tissue (Glut 4) Ketone SA VE ON GLUCOSE Glut 4 bodies BHB LIPIDS 0.5  4.0 mmol/l VLDL Successfull reproduction? DMI observation transition ration housing Genetic merit Energy balance disease calving data management Dry period hygiene Heifer rearing environment stress Reproductive Farm type physiology Strategy and priorities 8

1/18/2017 Maternal health and dairy cow fertility: more than only nutrition! Estrus cyclicity Pregn at first AI Santos et al., 2010 Vruchtbaarheid: veel meer dan alleen voeding! Pregn loss in first 60d Santos et al., 2010 9

1/18/2017 Message at the glance … 1.Any pressure on metabolism gives reduced fertility outcome. 2.Fertility is the best sensor for general well being of the cow (physically and mentally). 3.Milk production is not well related with metabolic stress and thus with reproductive outcome: much more factors are involved. 1.BCS changes are a good indicator. 10

1/18/2017 In this talk … • Energy metabolism and fertility: focusing on what really matters • Fertility … the deep dive • How sensitive is that oocyte and how important are anti-oxidants? • Conclusions What are the symptomes of suffering fertility? How important is the aspect of oocyte quality in the process of “ becoming pregnant”? “First think about the healthy mother … then focus on her eggs !” 11

1/18/2017 Bovine reproduction in HACCP terms What are the CCP? Chronologically? 1. Puberty and heifer rearing 2. Calving conditions 3. Uterine recovery 4. Onset of ovarian activity 5. Oestrus and ovulation 6. Insemination and conception 7. Supporting early pregnancy Reproduction: the underground of pathways … Estrus cyclicity Pregnancy at first service Staying pregnant Onset of ovarian Being pregnant with < Preg loss < 5% until activity and ovulation 2 AI’s at 100 days post day 60 of pregnancy before day 25 post partum partum Confounders : management factors and genetic merit for milk production Endocrine communication Oocyte quality Uterine environment Healthy follicle Embryo quality Corpus luteum quality Timed ovulation Corpus luteum quality Early uterine environment (epi)Genetic errors Energy balance Infectious disease Nutrition Carry over effects of energy Stress (heat, social, pain , …) balance Infectious disease Nutrition Stress (heat, social, pain, …) Infectious disease 12

1/18/2017 Ovarian activity: Altered follicular growth and endocrine disturbances reduce oocyte quality Oestrus and ovulation: • Intricate interplay of numerous factors • Final goal: timely ovulation of a perfect oocyte from a healthy follicle • Problems: 1. Anovulation 2. Silent oestrus, irrigual oestrus intervals 3. CL persistens 4. Bad follicle quality 13

1/18/2017 Hypothalamus GnRH Preovulatory Oestradiol + oestradiol-surge + Pituitary LH surge FSH LH pulses Follicle Pre-ovulatory Ovulation Selection growth wave & follicle Deviation Vanholder et al., 2006 Oocyte / embryo / CL Ovarian 2nd AI Dysfunctions Conception 1st AI 40 wks pregnancy Vanholder et al., 2006 14

1/18/2017 Oocyte quality: Conception 90% Early embryo mortality 40% Late embryo mortality 20% Foetal loss 5% Perinatal calf mortality 8% Importance of oocyte, embryo and corpus luteum quality oestrogen oviduct IFN- τ CL Dom. follicle uterus AI Progesterone Day 0 12-24 h Day 6 Day 280 In heat ovulation Embryo in uterus Calving 15

1/18/2017 NUTRITION NUTRITION NUTRITION NUTRITION * High Genetic Merit NEB NEB NEB NEB Energy and Protein Energy and Protein Energy and Protein Energy and Protein Heat Stress Metabolic Δ Metabolic Δ Metabolic Δ Metabolic Δ Metabolic Δ Metabolic Δ Metabolic Δ Metabolic Δ Infectious Disease Endocrine Δ Endocrine Δ Endocrine Δ Endocrine Δ Endocrine Δ Endocrine Δ Endocrine Δ Endocrine Δ Corpus luteum Corpus luteum Corpus luteum Liver Liver Liver PROGESTERONE PROGESTERONE PROGESTERONE High progesterone High progesterone High progesterone metabolism in the metabolism in the metabolism in the Affecting health Affecting health Affecting health liver liver liver of primordial of primordial of primordial follicle follicle follicle Carry Carry Carry over over over effects effects effects Carry over Carry over Carry over on CL on CL on CL effects on effects on effects on function function function Affecting embryo Affecting embryo Affecting embryo oocyte oocyte oocyte quality, micro- quality, micro- quality, micro- Affecting steroid Affecting steroid Affecting steroid and follicle and follicle and follicle environment and environment and environment and production, FF and production, FF and production, FF and quality quality quality endometrium endometrium endometrium oocyte quality oocyte quality oocyte quality secretions secretions secretions FF FF FF IFN- τ IFN- τ IFN- τ Expanded Expanded Expanded Expanded blastocyst blastocyst blastocyst blastocyst 60 – 90 days 60 – 90 days 60 – 90 days ovulation ovulation ovulation Elongated Elongated Elongated Elongated conceptus conceptus conceptus conceptus Primary Primary Primary Mature oocyte Mature oocyte Mature oocyte Mature oocyte Mature oocyte Mature oocyte Mature oocyte 2 cell embryo 2 cell embryo 2 cell embryo 2 cell embryo 2 cell embryo 2 cell embryo 2 cell embryo 32 cell embryo 32 cell embryo 32 cell embryo 32 cell embryo 32 cell embryo 32 cell embryo 32 cell embryo Compact Compact Compact Compact follicle follicle follicle morula morula morula morula Dominant follicle Dominant follicle Dominant follicle PGF2 α PGF2 α PGF2 α PGF2 α 0 d 0 d 0 d 0 d 0 d 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d 2 d 2 d 2 d 2 d 2 d 4 d 4 d 4 d 4 d 4 d 6 d 6 d 6 d 6 d 6 d 8 d 8 d 8 d 8 d 8 d -90-60 d -90-60 d -90-60 d -90-60 d -90-60 d -2 d -2 d -2 d -2 d -2 d 17 d 17 d 17 d 17 d 17 d AFFECTED AFFECTED AFFECTED CONCEPTION FAILURE CONCEPTION FAILURE CONCEPTION FAILURE • Oocyte quality • Oocyte quality • Oocyte quality EARLY EMBRYO MORTALITY EARLY EMBRYO MORTALITY EARLY EMBRYO MORTALITY LOW PROGESTERON LOW PROGESTERON LOW PROGESTERON • Steroid secretion • Steroid secretion • Steroid secretion OVARY OVARY OVARY OVARY OVIDUCT OVIDUCT OVIDUCT OVIDUCT UTERUS UTERUS UTERUS UTERUS Leroy et al., Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 2008 Britt’s Hypothesis Carvalho et al., JDS 2014 16

1/18/2017 Message at the glance … • Identify the CCP in the process of reproduction • Cows will only reproduce when they are metabolically healthy • Reproduction is a finely tuned interplay between many factors, ultimately resulting in a healthy oocyte that should be fertilised and lead to pregnancy at term. In this talk … • Energy metabolism and fertility: focusing on what really matters • Fertility … the deep dive • How sensitive is that oocyte and how important are anti-oxidants? • Conclusions 17

1/18/2017 Oocyte quality is reduced in lactating dairy cows. • Altered follicular environment • Sensitive to metabolic stress • Sensitive to feed composition • Not all studies are univocal: Matoba et al. JDS 2012 • Simulated NEB conditions in vitro significantly reduce oocyte quality • Oocytes suffer from more oxidative stress The black box 18