Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Formulating Implicit Interactions Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Identifying Implicit Component Interactions in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences Jason Jaskolka 1 , ∗ and John Villasenor 1 , 2 1 Center for International Security and Cooperation Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 2 Department of Electrical Engineering University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ∗ jaskolka@stanford.edu January 7, 2017 Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 1 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Formulating Implicit Interactions Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Acknowledgement & Disclaimer Acknowledgement This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under Grant Award Number, 2015-ST-061-CIRC01. Disclaimer The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 2 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Formulating Implicit Interactions Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Outline Introduction 1 Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems 2 Formulating Implicit Interactions 3 Identifying Implicit Interactions 4 Concluding Remarks 5 Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 3 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Formulating Implicit Interactions Cybersecurity Challenges in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Identifying Implicit Interactions Implicit Component Interactions Concluding Remarks Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 4 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Formulating Implicit Interactions Cybersecurity Challenges in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Identifying Implicit Interactions Implicit Component Interactions Concluding Remarks Cybersecurity Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems Ubiquitous and pervasive Large and complex Numerous components or agents Even more interactions, some of which may be: Unfamiliar, unplanned, or unexpected Not visible or not immediately comprehensible Software/Hardware from third-party suppliers Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 5 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Formulating Implicit Interactions Cybersecurity Challenges in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Identifying Implicit Interactions Implicit Component Interactions Concluding Remarks Cybersecurity Challenges in Cyber-Physical Systems Ubiquitous and pervasive Large and complex Numerous components or agents Even more interactions, some of which may be: Unfamiliar, unplanned, or unexpected � Implicit Not visible or not immediately comprehensible Interactions Software/Hardware from third-party suppliers Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 5 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Formulating Implicit Interactions Cybersecurity Challenges in Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Identifying Implicit Interactions Implicit Component Interactions Concluding Remarks Implicit Component Interactions Can indicate unforeseen flaws allowing for these interactions Constitute linkages of which designers are generally unaware = ⇒ security vulnerability Hard to avoid simply by intuition Difficult to detect (by nature) Can be exploited to mount cyber-attacks at a later time Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 6 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Formulating Implicit Interactions Modeling using C 2 KA Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 7 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Formulating Implicit Interactions Modeling using C 2 KA Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 7 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Formulating Implicit Interactions Modeling using C 2 KA Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Control/Coordination Agent Storage Handling Agent Processing Agent Agent Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 7 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Formulating Implicit Interactions Modeling using C 2 KA Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Message Passing (1) start Control Agent (C) (7) setup (2) load (10) done (3) loaded (10) processed (6) unloaded (4) prepare (9) process Storage Agent Processing Agent (S) (P) (8) ready (5) unload (9) process Handling Agent (H) Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 8 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Formulating Implicit Interactions Modeling using C 2 KA Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks An Algebraic Modeling Framework Communicating Concurrent Kleene Algebra (C 2 KA) Formalism for modeling distributed multi-agent systems Extension of Concurrent Kleene Algebra (CKA) Captures communication and concurrency of agents at an abstract algebraic level Expresses influence of stimuli on agent behavior in open systems as well as communication through shared environments Other existing formalisms do not directly deal with describing how agent behaviors are influenced by stimuli Primarily concerned with closed systems Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 9 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Formulating Implicit Interactions Modeling using C 2 KA Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Communicating Concurrent Kleene Algebra (C 2 KA) Definition (C 2 KA) A Communicating Concurrent Kleene Algebra (C 2 KA) is a system � � , where S , K � � S = S , ⊕ , ⊙ , d , n is a stimulus structure � , ; � , 0 , 1 K = � K , + , ∗ , ; , * � is a CKA � � S K , + is a unitary and zero-preserving left S -semimodule with next behavior mapping ◦ : S × K → K � � S K , ⊕ is a unitary and zero-preserving right K -semimodule with next stimulus mapping λ : S × K → S and where the following axioms are satisfied for all a , b , c ∈ K and s , t ∈ S : s ◦ ( a ; b ) = ( s ◦ a ) ; � � λ ( s , a ) ◦ b 1 a ≤ K c ∨ b = 1 ∨ ( s ◦ a ) ; � � λ ( s , c ) ◦ b = 0 2 λ ( s ⊙ t , a ) = λ � s , ( t ◦ a ) � ⊙ λ ( t , a ) 3 s = d ∨ s ◦ 1 = 1 4 a = 0 ∨ λ ( n , a ) = n 5 Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 10 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Formulating Implicit Interactions Modeling using C 2 KA Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Agent Specifications Illustrative Example: Manufacturing Cell Table: Stimulus-response specification of the Control Agent C ◦ start load loaded prepare done unload unloaded setup ready process processed idle idle idle prep idle idle idle idle idle idle idle idle prep prep prep prep prep prep prep init prep prep prep prep init init init init init init init init init init proc init proc proc proc proc proc proc proc proc proc proc proc idle λ start load loaded prepare done unload unloaded setup ready process processed load prepare idle n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n setup n n n n prep done init n n n n n n n n n n end proc n n n n n n n n n n � � Control Agent C �→ idle + prep + init + proc � � Storage Agent S �→ empty + full � � Handling Agent H �→ wait + move Processing Agent P �→ � stby + set + work � Figure: Abstract behavior specification of the manufacturing cell agents Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 11 / 23
Introduction Modeling Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Intended Systems Interactions Formulating Implicit Interactions Formulation of Implicit Interaction Existence Identifying Implicit Interactions Concluding Remarks Intended System Interactions (1) start Control Agent (C) (7) setup (2) load (10) done (3) loaded (10) processed (6) unloaded (4) prepare (9) process Storage Agent Processing Agent (S) (P) (8) ready (5) unload (9) process Handling Agent (H) P intended denotes the set of intended system interactions Jason Jaskolka and John Villasenor HICSS-50 12 / 23
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