How urban public transport organisation can promote success of public transport – A comparison in major European cities INFRADAY - 10 th Conference on Applied Infrastructure Research Katrin Augustin and Dr. Ralf Hedel Berlin, October 8 th , 2011
Outline Background & Research Question Methodological Review & Selected Approach Analyses & Results Concluding Remark 2 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
What is the best public transport organisation? Background and research focus Measuring performance of public transport systems or transport authorities is scarcely investigated. 3 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
What ist performance - What are the objectives? maximise revenues / cost- coverage minimise production effort maximise demand in environmentally friendly transport modes ... maximise employment ... 4 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
What is the best public transport organisation? Background and research focus Measuring performance of public transport systems or transport authorities is scarcely investigated. Analyses focusing on institutional constructions of public transport authorities (PTA) lag behind. 5 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Which role does the actors have? Responsibilities, initiatives and decisions 6 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
What is the best public transport organisation? Background and research focus Measuring performance of public transport systems or transport authorities is scarcely investigated. Analyses focusing on institutional constructions of PTA lag behind. Little is known about the factors that encourage public transport systems´ performance. Examine local public transport organisations of major European cities with regard to the success of the transportation system. Identification of factors that promote a high local public transport quality and continuous positive developments. Investigation of policy objectives with positive impact on the public transport system. 7 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Methodological Review
Methodological Review Selected Studies Bly&Oldfield (1986) subsidies reduce fares and increase amount of service operated each extra 1% of cost covered by subsidy attracts ~ 0.2 to 0.4% increase in passengers Pina & Torres (2001) private management not more efficient than public, exogenous factors are less relevant Karlaftis (2004) efficiency and effectiveness are positively related Sampaio et al. (2008) efficient systems adopted a more democratic power partition among communalities and established a more broad system of tariffs flexible tariff systems decrease costs and improve the operational efficiency Methods: DEA, bivariate regressions, logit and cluster analysis Not revealing WHY system A performs better than system B? Not clear WHICH political objectives and administrative responsibilities have an positive impact? 9 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Selected Approach for the Baseline Study Methodology, Selection of Cities and indicators Descriptive part: Data gathering (desktop), study visits with experts Quantitative and qualitative assessment Conclusions on success-factors for public transport 10 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Analysed Indicators Organisation / institutions involved in PT - legal and political framework - support by political stakeholders, partnership thinking, integrate policy making - main actors and their roles on strategic, tactical and operative level - degree of competition / tendering, details of award procedures - financing - market structure of production side: companies, capabilities/infrastructural dependencies and market-share Transport performance - public transport: production, demand & revenues - other modes: car availability and parking capacities Structural data: - population, age structure, commuters - population and job density 11 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Case studies Helsinki: high technical standard of the system and high customer satisfaction Oslo: first city with toll-system in Europe (1990) Stockholm: most dense public transport supply in Europe through strong political support London: strong support for public transport by mayor Frankfurt: first German city with consequent division in procurement and operations Zurich: area-wide organisation and comprehensive transportation system 12 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Analyses & Results
Descriptive Overview Frankfurt/ Helsinki London Oslo Stockholm Zürich M. Area City of Metro- Greater Province Province Canton Frankfurt politan area London Oslo and Stockholms Zürich Helsinki Akershus län Inhabitants 673,000 1,020,000 7,600,000 1,090,000 1,965,000 1,327,000 1. Population density 5,418/ 4,583 8,102 2,162 3,014 5,263 build-up area / total area [inh/km ² ] 2,709 403 4,835 203 305 768 Jobs per 100 inh. 92 64 62 62 53 56 2. Cars per 1,000 inh. 546 385 345 536 399 502 3. Mode-share of public 23 29 28 21 32 31 transport 4. (% ways] Note: All figures based on 2008. 14 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
What has been achieved so far? Development mode-split of public transport (ways) * Note: *base of measurement has changed 15 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
What has been achieved so far? Relationship between supply and demand passenger km p. inhabitant (Output) Note: All figures based on 2008. 16 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
What has been achieved so far? Revevenue per capita compared to mode-split 17 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Organisation of production side Differences in the degree of regulation and tendering Frankfurt Helsinki Tendering and London competition DLR, Oslo Tramlink Tendered Share of Services Stock- Regional holm Train Zürich London Under- Tram, Commuter ground Commuter Rail Trains Contracting and Light w/o tendering Rail Bus and competition tendency Regulation De-regulation Design Freedom for Operators on the Tactical Level 18 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Summary I High performance and demand of public transport - though - cities can not maximise all objectives simultaneously: Revenues Mode-split Production efforts Organisation and competition: Public transport production is characterised with high degree of competition and tendering Strong differences exists between bus and rail (infrastructure dependency) Even in cities with city-structural determined restrictions, vital competition can be developed (example London) Pictures: traffiQ 19 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Summary II Key factors of success in the public transport market Well defined roles and responsibilities on a strategical, tactical and operational level positively contribute to performance and success. Division of work between authority and operators allows for allocating chances and risks (operational, financial, etc.) properly between operator and authority. Contracted services are clearly defined and incentives for good performance are agreed on. Competition exists ; public authorities have a true choice between multiple bidders - Minimise infrastructural dependencies! Case studies with integrated planning and implementation managed by public transport authority showed high degree of customer focus and success on the passenger market. Partnership thinking and cooperation between all actors is necessary to follow common objectives the public transport market. 20 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks Series of on-site-discussions with representatives from different stakeholder-groups (authorities, operators etc.) during study-visits gained extensive insider information Number of cities in the study limited , therefore limited transferability of results (different administrative areas and specifics in statistics hampers numerical comparisons) Pictures: R. Hedel 22 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Thank you for your attention. Questions and comments are welcome!
Thank you for Your interest! Katrin Augustin Dr. Ralf Hedel Consultant Consultant KCW GmbH Fon: +49 (0) 30/40 81 768 – 55 Büro Berlin Fax: +49 (0) 30/40 81 768 – 61 Bernburger Str. 27 Mail: augustin@kcw-online.de D-10963 Berlin Web: www.kcw-online.de Probst & Consorten Fon: +49 (0) 351/42440 – 11 Marketing-Beratung Fax: +49 (0) 351/42440 – 15 Altleutewitz 11 Mail: r.hedel@probst-consorten.de 01157 Dresden Web: www.probst-consorten.de 24 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
Institutions & Responsibilities The example London 25 KCW GmbH, Probst & Consorten
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