4/02/2014 How to fuel your friesian horse? The do’s and don’ts Prof. Dr. Cathérine Delesalle, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ECEIM C.J.G.Delesalle@uu.nl Catherine.Delesalle@UGent.be Lay out of the talk - What’s the evolutionary history of the horse? -What can happen if you feed your horse the wrong way? -The 8 most important reasons why horses are sensitive for developing colic in a domesticated setting -Physiology of equine digestion -tips: how to feed your horse 1
4/02/2014 The horse basically is designed to process high amounts of low nutritional quality forage Colic is still the number one cause of death in the domesticated horse Colic up to 10 out of 100 horses/year (Kaneene et al ., 1997 ; Tinker et al. , 1997) Recent changes in feeding (14D) (Cohen et al., 1995, 1999) Amount: daily feeding of concentrate at 2.5 to 5 kg/day increased colic risk 4.8 times and > 5 kg/day increased colic risk 6.3 times compared to horses fed no grain (Tinker et al., 1997) Changes in hay (Cohen et al., 1999) (alterations in colonic pH, VFA production, colonic microflora, FIBERS) 2
4/02/2014 TIME PROFILE ADMITTANCE AMOUNT COLIC CASES colic cases tijdsprofiel koliek aanbod TO VETERINARY CLINIC 75 50 % 25 0 jan feb mar apr may june july august sept okt nov dec Horse in nature Grass eaters ( β -linked polysacharides ~cellulose~no digestive enzymes mammals ~ bacterial fermentation → specialized hindgut fermentation) Eat 16-20 h each day (10 to 12 meals a day), walk 8 – 26 km/day No access to concentrate feeding (barley, maize, oats) Constantly moving during eating No stall confinement: fight/fright reflex 3
4/02/2014 Horses Anno 1900, Anno 2013 Professionalization sector Competition (hobby, semi-professional, professional) A lot of horse owners have very little room Stall confinement Straw bedding is not fashionable Limited access to grazing Little movement: every day??? Meal feeding; frequency? What’s feasible? Transportation Concentrate feeding, limited or rich roughage In one study, the frequency of gastric ulceration increased from <6% prior to 1945 to approximately 18% after 1975, 2013: 37-66% leisure horses. Conclusion -HORSES ARE MADE TO EAT ALL DAY LONG LOW NUTRITIONAL HIGH QUALITY ROUGHAGE -HORSES IN FREE NATURE EAT PRACTICALLY ALL DAY AND WALK ENORMOUS DISTANCES. THIS IS QUITE OPPOSITE TO HOW WE KEEP THEM NOWADAYS. -EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES SHOW THAT WE AS HORSE OWNER CAN DO A LOT TO PREVENT OCCURENCE OF COLIC 4
4/02/2014 What happens if you give your horse the wrong diet? Depending on the type of dietary disbalance colic Muscle problems: tying up/poor performance Gastric ulcer disease OCD Poor body condition/overfeeding Behavioral problems, laminitis, etc, Lack of fibre in the diet etc Malmkvist et al., 2012 The cold- blooded nightmare Obvious pain is obvious, lower degree or more masked pain is a different story DEGREE PAIN ~ SEVERITY OF PATHOLOGY?????? 5
4/02/2014 Doubt? Check pulse Check mucuous membranes ± 40 beats/min Alarming: continuously > 56 to 60 beats/min Prevalence Gastric ulcer disease Highest prevalence in race horses (>90%) Murray et al. 1996: race horses n=200; Johnson et al., 2001; Ferrucci et al., 2003 Sport and leisure horses (37-66%) Murray et al., 1989; Bertone 2000; Hartmann and Frankeny 2003; Nieto et al., 2004; McClure et al.,2005 25 to 51% in foals *Malmkvist et al; 2012: glandular lesions in 55.2% Non-glandular lesions in 40.6% (stud farm (dressage & jumping, n=96, lesions 2-4)) (74%) *Tamzali et al. 2011: endurance n=30, 93% prevalence *Marques et al., 2011: race horses n=94 Western Canada, 84% Gastric mucosal damage is not associated with established crib biting in mature horses maintained on pasture . Thus, owners of crib biting horses with adequate foraging access Should not suspect gastric ulcers as being the primary cause of their behavior 6
4/02/2014 MUSCLE PROBLEMS Recurrent tying up (several degrees) The equine digestive system 7
4/02/2014 Why are DOMESTICATED horses so sensitive to develop colic? ± 8-15L 1. VERY SMALL STOMACH: PASS ON FEED TO THE SMALL INTESTINE predator 8
4/02/2014 Why are DOMESTICATED horses so sensitive to develop colic? 2. A horse can’t vomit -Toxic plants? -gas accumulation? -gastric overload? - GI reflux 9
4/02/2014 3. Small intestine ~ four storey high building 4. In the border of a 1.5m long curtain 10
4/02/2014 5. ± 30L capacity appendix 11
4/02/2014 6. Very voluminous large colon completely free in the abdomen Malmkvist et al., 2012 horseshoe ± 80 L capacity 12
4/02/2014 Displacements in all directions Source: the Glass horse 8. Horses are hindgut fermentors ±48h-72h GAS PRODUCED DURING NORMAL FERMENTATION 13
4/02/2014 1. THE VERY SMALL HORSE STOMACH IS DESIGNED TO CONTINUOUSLY PASS FOOD FROM THE EOSOPHAGUS TO THE SMALL INTESTINE 2. A HORSE CAN’T VOMIT 3. THE SMALL INTESTINE IS VERY LONG AND HAS A LOT OF LIBERTY OF MOVEMENT 4. THE CAECUM HAS THE FORM OF A BAG OF FRENCH FRIES (30L) 5. THE COLON IS LARGE, CONTAINS SEVERAL ARMS THAT CAN BE NARROW OR WIDE AND LIES COMPLETELY FREE IN THE ABDOMEN. ONE ARTERIAL LOOP RUNS ACCROSS IT 6. HORSES ARE HINDGUT FERMENTORS. EVERY ML OF GAS THAT THEY PRODUCE DURING FERMENTATION NEEDS TO BE EVACUATED VIA THE ANUS Basic physiology of Equine digestion 14
4/02/2014 Overview of digestive compartments FIBER STARCH & SIMPLE SUGARS & PROTEINS & FATS & OIL (ILEUM) 3.Horse~monogastric omnivore with continuous gastric acid production 24-Hr acid production even without food uptake Adult horses secrete approximately 1.5 liters of gastric juice hourly (↔ humans ± 1500 ml/dag) 7 MEAL FEEDING????? 6 5 Good 4 pH Bad 3 2 1 0 0 12 6 18 24 Hours Murray and Schusser, Equine Vet J, 1993. 15
4/02/2014 24-Hr Gastric pH: Free Choice Grass Hay 8 7 6 5 Good 4 pH Bad 3 2 1 0 6 12 18 2 0 4 Murray and Schusser, Equine Vet J, 1993. Hours Gastric emptying of concentrated meal occurs within 30-60 minutes, whereas complete gastric emptying of a roughage hay meal occurs in 24 hours. THREE MAJOR CAUSES OF GASTRIC ULCER DISEASE 1. FASTING 2. FEEDING HIGH AMOUNTS OF CONCENTRATE FEEDING & LOW AMOUNTS OF ROUGHAGE 3. MULTIPLE HOURS OF TRAINING EACH DAY Squamous (non glandular) tissue Less resistant to acid injury (± 80% Equine ulcers) Glandular and mucus secreting tissue More resistant to acid injury (20% of equine ulcers) 16
4/02/2014 -Increased intra-abdominal pressure during intense exercise causes gastric compression, pushing acid contents into proximal stomach -In humans, upper gastrointestinal tract problems develop in as many as 58% of surveyed athletes and are related to the type and intensity of exercise HCl,VFAs Bile acids Lorenzo-Figueras and Merritt, AJVR 2002;63:1481-1487 Small intestinal digestion CHANGES ADAPTATION TO DIETARY AMYLASE BREAKS DOWN STARCH TO GLUCOSIS (LIMITED) LIPASE BREAKS DOWN FATS PROTEINASES BREAK DOWN PROTEINS (small intestine vs caecum and colon) MINERALS 17
4/02/2014 Large intestinal digestion ADAPTATION TO DIETARY CHANGES 400 species -Bacteria -Fungi -protozoa VFA Acetate Butyrate Propionate CO2 CH4 PH 6.7 Horses do NOT produce digestive enzymes in the large intestine They USE fibre as a slow energy source They NEED fibre as an energy source for their hind gut residents 18
4/02/2014 Vessel wall permeability/ Endotoxaemia Important to bear in mind when starting up fluid therapy in an endotoxaemic Overall prevalence of endotoxaemia horse 25-41% colic horses ( King & Gerring, 1988; Fessler et al , 1989; Steverink et al ., 1995) Typical equine feature Gram – bacterial flora transmural leakage of intestinal endogenous endotoxin Fluid shift/centralization bowel ischemia ↑ Bacterial lysis and floral disbalance antibiotic use Caecum & ventral colon under normal conditions 2g free endotoxin (Mackay R, 1992) How to feed your horse? ROUGHAGE Enough good quality roughage: min 1,5% BW horse (7,5 kg / day) Feeding roughage before concentrates SALIVA ( does NOT reduce precaecal starch digestibility) Pay attention to roughage quality: ANALYSIS Use slow feeders alfalfa: May be more protective than other forages because of higher protein and Ca2+ content: buffering effect: dietary antacid. Roughage should be provided throughout day and night Lutherson et al., 2010: When roughage interval exceeds 6h → EGUS ↑ 19
4/02/2014 How to feed your horse? ANALYSIS OF ROUGHAGE: NO COW REFERENCES! Factor analyzed values Ewpa/ kg dm (the amount of 0,55-0,70 (type of hay) energy for the horse based upon fibre fraction and sugars) VREp (digestible raw protein High: > 90-100 g/kg dm fraction) Low: > 40 g/kg ds Minerals and spore elements Cu, Zn Sugars High: > 100g/kg dm Low: < 50-60 g/kg dm Raw ashes (sand) High: > 100 g/kg dm PH (haylage & silage) Ideal 5,8-6,1 Dm=dry matter content hay 80-85% haylage 55-75% silage 50% How to feed your horse? The meadow as energy source: -on an average: 0,16 kg dm/100kg BW per hour -max dm intake per day: 2-2,5% BW -7-9h/day grazing: 1,12-1,44 kg dm/100 kg BW (6,72-8,64 kg dm grass/day for 600 kg horse) Dry matter Ewpa VREp Grass contains 0,68-0,96 77-199 Ewpa/kg dm VREp/kg dm 600 kg horse 11,7 1900g at rest Licht work 6,5 506 In lactation 10,3 1153 20
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