download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides Health Inequality in the United States 1
download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides Health Higher Income, Better Health This chart shows the association between 35% Poor income level and health status. Americans Low-income with lower incomes tend to have poorer 29.3 Middle-income High-income health compared to those with higher 28% incomes. Poor Americans are four times 22.6 more likely than those in the highest 21.8 21% income category to report that their health is poor or fair (rather than good, 15.0 14.9 very good or excellent). Lower income is 14.3 14.1 13.2 14% also associated with higher rates of activity 11.6 11.1 10.1 limitations, poor eyesight, heart disease, 9.0 8.6 8.0 7.3 severe psychological distress, and other 7% 5.7 4.9 health problems. 4.3 2.7 1.1 Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health, United States, 2010 . Data: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health 0% Statistics, National Health Interview Survey. Notes: Income groups based on family Self-reported Activity Difficulty Heart Psychological income, size and composition, relative to the federal poverty line (FPL). In 2009, the poor/fair seeing limitation disease distress federal poverty line for a two-adult, two-child family was $21,756. Poor defined as less health than 100% FPL; low-income as 100% to less than 200% FPL; middle-income as 200% to less than 400% FPL; high-income as equal to or greater than 400% FPL. Estimates for adults 18 and over except for self-reported health, shown for all persons. Activity limitations include difficulty bathing or preparing meals, for example. Inequality in the United States 2
download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides Health More Education, Better Health People with the highest educational 35% Less than high school attainment tend to be the healthiest. For High school example, about one-quarter of Americans Any college 27.6 with less than high school education report 28% having at least one physical difficulty, such 24.9 as being unable to walk three city blocks or to carry a bag of groceries. This is almost 19.8 21% double the rate of those who attended 16.1 college. Difficulty seeing – even with 14.5 13.2 glasses or contacts – is also most common 14% 12.7 12.6 12.4 10.6 among the least educated Americans, as 9.2 are heart disease and severe psychological 7.6 6.2 7% distress. 3.3 2.0 Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health, United States, 2010 ; Pratt LA, Dey AN, Cohen AJ. "Characteristics of adults with serious psychological distress as measured by the K6 scale: United States, 2001–04." Advance Data from Vital and Health 0% Statistics ; no 382. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2007;Schiller JS, Difficulty Psychological Self-reported Physical Heart Lucas JW, Ward BW, Peregoy JA." Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National poor/fair seeing difficulty distress disease Health Interview Survey, 2010." National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat health 10(252). 2011; U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States , 2006, 2012. Data: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey. Notes: Estimates for adults 25 and older except for self-reported health, shown for all persons. Inequality in the United States 3
download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides Health Health Disparities by Race/Ethnicity Health outcomes also vary across racial and 15% 14.2 White ethnic groups; minorities tend to have poorer 13.3 Hispanic health outcomes. This chart shows that blacks Black and Hispanics are more likely to report their 12% health status as poor or fair (rather than good, very good or excellent) than whites. Racial and 9% ethnic differences in health are largely accounted 8.0 for by the poorer socioeconomic position (e.g., lower education, lower income) of minorities 6% relative to whites in the United States. But even comparing whites and minorities with similar education and income levels, minorities still tend 3% to lag behind in health outcomes. 0% Self-reported poor Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health, United States, 2010 . Data: Centers for or fair health Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey. Note: Estimates for total U.S. population. 4 Inequality in the United States
download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides Health Health Risk Factors and Education Less educational attainment is associated 40% Less than high school with greater health risk factors. For example, High school compared to adults who attend college, adults 33.3 Any college 31.6 with less than high school education are twice 30% as likely to live in a housing unit without a 27.1 26.9 26.1 25.1 functioning heating system or a working toilet. These adults have a 1in 4 chance of living in a 21.2 household where at least one member lacked 20% 17.0 access to adequate food at times during the 16.1 14.5 13.7 year, and a 1in 5 chance of forgoing medical care they need due to cost. 9.5 10% 8.4 5.8 Sources: Author's unpublished analysis of Current Population Survey Food Insecurity 4.1 Supplement, December 2009, with assistance from Mark Nord, USDA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health, United States, 2010 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Inadequate and Unhealthy Housing, 2007 and 2009." MMWR 2011;60(Suppl): 21-27; Schiller JS, Lucas JW, Ward BW, Peregoy JA. "Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: 0% Inadequate Didn’t get Obesity Household food National Health Interview Survey, 2010." National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Smoking housing medical care insecurity Stat 10(252). 2011; U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2012. Data: due to cost Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Survey; U.S. Census Bureau, American Housing Survey and Current Population Survey. Notes: Food insecurity, smoking, and obesity estimates for adults ≥ 25; medical care estimate for adults 25-64; inadequate housing estimate for householders ≥ 18. Estimates from 2009 and 2010. Inequality in the United States 5
download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides Health More Education, Longer Life This chart describes the number of 60 0-11 years 58.5 years that adults with different levels of 12 Years 57.4 education can expect to live beyond 13-15 years 56.4 16 or more years age 25. It shows that more education 54.7 55 often means longer life. This is true for 53.4 Life expectancy at age 25 52.2 both men and women. For example, a 50.6 25-year-old man with less than 12 years 50 of schooling can expect to live to the 47.9 age of 73, whereas a 25-year-old man with 16 or more years of schooling can expect to live to the age of 80. 45 40 35 Source: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Commission to Build a Healthier Men Women America. More Education, Longer Life . Princeton, NJ: 2008. Data: National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1988-1998. Inequality in the United States 6
download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides Health The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy The gap in life expectancy between 57 57 56.6 those with higher and lower levels HS or less Any College 55.8 of education has been growing over recent decades. These figures 55.0 Years of Life Remaining at Age 25 55 55 54.4 compare the life expectancy for a 25- year-old with high school or less education to a 25-year-old with at 53 53 least some college education. The 52.1 chart on the left shows that between 51.6 the 1980s and the 1990s, the growth 51 51 in life expectancy was almost three times as large for the higher-educated 49.6 49.6 group. The chart on the right shows 49 49 that the life expectancy of the higher- 1990 2000 1981-88 1991-98 educated continued to increase National Longitudinal Multiple Cause of during the 1990s while that of the Mortality Study Death/Census Data lower-educated stagnated. Source: Meara, Richards & Cutler. 2008. “The Gap Gets Bigger: Changes in Mortality and Life Expectancy, By Education, 1981-2000.” Health Affairs 27:350-360. Inequality in the United States 7
Inequality in the United States Contributors Kendra Bischoff Education kendrab1 @ stanford.edu Anmol Chaddha Debt achaddha @ fas.harvard.edu Erin Cumberworth Mobility ecumberw @ stanford.edu Sharon Jank Gender sjank @ stanford.edu Carly Knight Politics crknight @ fas.harvard.edu Bridget Lavelle Health blavelle @ umich.edu Krystale Littlejohn Race & Ethnicity klittlej @ stanford.edu Lindsay Owens Wealth lowens @ stanford.edu David Pedulla Employment dpedulla @ princeton.edu Kristin Perkins Poverty kperkins @ fas.harvard.edu Sharon Jank Income sjank @ stanford.edu Ariela Schachter Immigration arielas1 @ stanford.edu Jordan Segall Violent Crime jsegall @ stanford.edu Chris Wimer Family cwimer @ stanford.edu download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides download slides at: www.inequality.com/slides
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