Guidelines for Guidelines for Narrow Runway Narrow Runway Operations Operations Rob Root Rob Root Flight Operations Engineer Flight Operations Engineer Flight Technical Services Flight Technical Services Boeing Commercial Airplanes Boeing Commercial Airplanes W037t.1
Agenda Agenda • How narrow is narrow? • How narrow is narrow? • A look at runway “offside” events • A look at runway “offside” events • Narrow runway issues • Narrow runway issues • Regulatory background • Regulatory background • Sample guidelines for 737-700 w/ 24k Engines • Sample guidelines for 737-700 w/ 24k Engines • Recommendations • Recommendations W037t.2 The Boeing Company
How Narrow Is Narrow? How Narrow Is Narrow? • 45m is standard runway width (for most large • 45m is standard runway width (for most large commercial jet operations) commercial jet operations) • As of March, 2002, there were at least 63 • As of March, 2002, there were at least 63 airports worldwide with runway width 30m or airports worldwide with runway width 30m or less, being served by 737,757 or 767 aircraft less, being served by 737,757 or 767 aircraft • Boeing has received various requests from • Boeing has received various requests from operators for guidance in operating aircraft on operators for guidance in operating aircraft on runways as narrow as 23m (75 ft) runways as narrow as 23m (75 ft) W037t.3 The Boeing Company
Runway Offside Statistics Runway Offside Statistics (Not Specifically Related to Narrow Runways…) (Not Specifically Related to Narrow Runways…) • 117 events involving Boeing airplanes between • 117 events involving Boeing airplanes between January 1995 and present … January 1995 and present … • Majority occurred on landing… • Majority occurred on landing… Taxi Taxi (15) (15) Takeoff (15) Takeoff (15) (87) (87) Landing Landing W037t.4 The Boeing Company
Was Runway Width a Factor? Was Runway Width a Factor? • Of the 117 events, one occurred on a 30m • Of the 117 events, one occurred on a 30m wide runway, and one occurred on a 42m wide runway, and one occurred on a 42m wide runway wide runway • Vast majority occurred on 45m wide runways • Vast majority occurred on 45m wide runways • 15 occurred on 60m wide runways • 15 occurred on 60m wide runways W037t.5 The Boeing Company
Potential Factors? Potential Factors? Landing Offsides (87 events) Landing Offsides (87 events) Heavy rain Heavy rain Strong/gusty winds Strong/gusty winds Hydraulic problem Hydraulic problem Thunderstorm/windshear Thunderstorm/windshear Slippery runway Slippery runway Intentional Intentional Gear/steering problem Gear/steering problem Hard landing Hard landing Asymmetric reverse thrust Asymmetric reverse thrust Localizer incursion Localizer incursion Runway incursion Runway incursion 0 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35 14 events - circumstances unknown 14 events - circumstances unknown W037t.6 The Boeing Company
Potential Factors? Potential Factors? Takeoff Offsides (15 events) Takeoff Offsides (15 events) Asymmetric spin-up Asymmetric spin-up Engine failure Engine failure Slippery runway Slippery runway Heavy rain Heavy rain Asymmetric reverse thrust Asymmetric reverse thrust Aft CG Aft CG Engine inoperative ferry Engine inoperative ferry 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 3 events - circumstances unknown 3 events - circumstances unknown W037t.7 The Boeing Company
Consequences… Consequences… Out of 117 events, five resulted in injuries to Out of 117 events, five resulted in injuries to passengers/crew passengers/crew • Vast majority did not result in injury • Vast majority did not result in injury • Most injuries were minor, resulting from evacuation • Most injuries were minor, resulting from evacuation • One fatal injury • One fatal injury Airframe and engine damage ranged from nil to Airframe and engine damage ranged from nil to hull loss hull loss • “Typical” damage includes engine FOD, cowl damage, • “Typical” damage includes engine FOD, cowl damage, gear and flap damage, occasionally accompanied by gear and flap damage, occasionally accompanied by gear collapse gear collapse Events that cause neither damage nor injury Events that cause neither damage nor injury may go unreported … may go unreported … W037t.8 The Boeing Company
Narrow Runway Issues Narrow Runway Issues • Takeoff: • Takeoff: 1. “GO” following engine failure 1. “GO” following engine failure 2. “RTO” following engine failure 2. “RTO” following engine failure 3. Maximum recommended crosswind 3. Maximum recommended crosswind • Landing: • Landing: 1. Adverse weather (pilot decision-making) 1. Adverse weather (pilot decision-making) 2. Crosswind landing 2. Crosswind landing 3. Crosswind and engine failure 3. Crosswind and engine failure 4. Autoland considerations 4. Autoland considerations • MMEL/Inflight Failures affecting • MMEL/Inflight Failures affecting directional control directional control • Ground Maneuvering and increased risk of FOD to wing- • Ground Maneuvering and increased risk of FOD to wing- mounted engines mounted engines W037t.9 The Boeing Company
Regulatory Background Regulatory Background • In CFR 14 Part 25 and JAR 25, there are • In CFR 14 Part 25 and JAR 25, there are currently no requirements to define a minimum currently no requirements to define a minimum runway width as part of the certification of an runway width as part of the certification of an airplane type airplane type • No published AFM limitation • No published AFM limitation • FAA does publish recommended runway design • FAA does publish recommended runway design criteria in Advisory Circular 150/5300-13 criteria in Advisory Circular 150/5300-13 • ICAO also publishes recommended minimum • ICAO also publishes recommended minimum runway width in Annex 14 runway width in Annex 14 W037t.10 The Boeing Company
Runway Design Criteria Runway Design Criteria FAA Recommended minimum runway width FAA Recommended minimum runway width design guideline defined as a function of: design guideline defined as a function of: • Aircraft approach category (approach speed) • Aircraft approach category (approach speed) • Airplane design group (wingspan) • Airplane design group (wingspan) ICAO Recommended minimum runway width ICAO Recommended minimum runway width guideline defined as a function of: guideline defined as a function of: • Reference takeoff field length (sea level, • Reference takeoff field length (sea level, standard day, MTOW) standard day, MTOW) • More restrictive of wingspan or main gear • More restrictive of wingspan or main gear track width track width W037t.11 The Boeing Company
Runway Design Criteria for Runway Design Criteria for Boeing Jet Transports Boeing Jet Transports FAA AC-150/5300-13 ICAO Annex 14 Airplane Minimum Runway Width Minimum Runway Width 707/720 45m 45m 717 30m 30m 727 45m 45m 737 30m/45m 30m/45m 747 45m 45m 757 45m 45m 767 45m 45m 777 45m 45m * FAA recommended width shown for straight-in approach category * FAA recommended width shown for straight-in approach category W037t.12 The Boeing Company
Runway Design Criteria for Runway Design Criteria for Heritage Douglas Jet Transports Heritage Douglas Jet Transports FAA AC-150/5300-13 ICAO Annex 14 Airplane Minimum Runway Width Minimum Runway Width DC-8 45m 45m DC-9 30m 45m MD-80 Series 30m 45m MD-90 Series 30m 45m DC-10 45m 45m MD-11 45m 45m * FAA recommended width shown for straight-in approach category * FAA recommended width shown for straight-in approach category W037t.13 The Boeing Company
Regulatory Background – Regulatory Background – Airworthiness Standards Airworthiness Standards • Runway width not directly addressed in • Runway width not directly addressed in FAR/JAR Part 25 FAR/JAR Part 25 • FAR 25.149(e) does specify criteria to be used • FAR 25.149(e) does specify criteria to be used to determine minimum control speed on the to determine minimum control speed on the ground (VMCG): ground (VMCG): – No credit for nose wheel steering… – No credit for nose wheel steering… – Maximum 30 ft (9.14m) deviation from – Maximum 30 ft (9.14m) deviation from centerline during recovery centerline during recovery Note: Regulatory VMCG basis assumes zero Note: Regulatory VMCG basis assumes zero crosswind crosswind W037t.14 The Boeing Company
Maximum Allowable Deviation Maximum Allowable Deviation and Runway Width… and Runway Width… Initial Initial offset? offset? Max Deviation Max Deviation 2m 2m 30 ft 30 ft (9.1m) (9.1m) ½ gear ½ gear track track W037t.15 The Boeing Company
VMCG on a 45m Runway VMCG on a 45m Runway W037t.16 The Boeing Company
VMCG on a 30m Runway VMCG on a 30m Runway W037t.17 The Boeing Company
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