Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Thorkild Aarup IOC/UNESCO E-mail: t.aarup@unesco.org 18 June 2013 REFMAR, Saint Mandé, France 1
IOC The I ntergovernm ental Oceanographic Com m ission of UNESCO provides Mem ber States of the United Nations w ith an essential m echanism for global co-operation in the study of the ocean. The I OC assists governm ents to address their individual and collective ocean and coastal problem s through the sharing of know ledge, inform ation and technology and through the coordination of national program s • Founded in 1 9 6 0 • 1 4 5 m ainly coastal m em ber states • Functional autonom y w ithin UNESCO • The General Assem bly m eets in odd years and the Executive Council in even years 2
IOC Within UN • Focal point in UN for ocean observations, ocean science, ocean services and data exchange • Competent international organization for marine science (UNCLOS) 3
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO Today the IOC is instrumental in: • Monitoring the ocean through the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) • Developing tsunami warning systems in vulnerable regions • Facilitating exchange of oceanographic data • Linking and building capacities in marine sciences • Coordinating the global assessment of the marine environment 4
Some achievements over 50 years • 1960: Ocean Data Exchange Programme • 1965: Pacific Tsunami Warning System • 1960s-1970s: International Corporative Field Campaigns ) (Indian Ocean Expedition) (+250 cruises coordinated) • 1971-80: Intl Decade of Ocean Exploration, TEMA, GEBCO • 1980s: IOC Regional Bodies launched • 1987: GLOSS launched • 1989: Global Ocean Observing System & WOCE • 1997: ICAM programme launched • 2001: Global Marine Assessment of the assessments • 2005: Tsunami Intergovernmental Coordination Groups 5
Why Measure Sea Level ? (i) tidal and water level datums; (ii) relative sea level trends; (iii) port operation; (iv) hydrographic surveying and shoreline mapping; (v) storm surge inundation, emergency evacuation, and Tsunami warning; (vi) habitat restoration, coastal resource management, coastal engineering; (vii) climate change, environmental monitoring; (viii) calibration and validation of ALT and GCM ….. Time-Scales and Causes of Sea Level Change • Seconds to minutes: waves, tsunamis • Hours to days: tides and surges • Seasonal: surface heating and freshwater input • Interannual: ENSO, NAO • Long term trends: climate variability and change, Maldiv aldives vertical crustal movement (e.g. GIA) (cur (curte tesesy Yann ann A Arthu thus Bertr trand and/Ear arth f h from Above/UNE UNESCO CO ) ) 6
What is GLOSS? • Established by IOC in mid-1980s to improve quantity and quality of sea level data sent to PSMSL and other sea level centres. • Original aim: Develop GLOSS Core Network of 300 sea level stations for practical and ocean/climate science applications. GLOSS Now: Additional strong operational dimension (Altimeter cal/val; GCM val; tsunami monitoring, ..) • Global array of gauges spaced 500-1000 km apart. Geographically balanced. Open ocean locations. Best technology. 7
What Data Streams Does GLOSS Generate? 1. Delayed mode: QC’d mean sea levels to Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) 2. Delayed mode: QC’d higher-frequency data (e.g. hourly) to GLOSS Data Centre (PSMSL, Univ of Hawaii Sea Level Centre) 3. Fast data: High frequency data to UHSLC altimeter/model cal/val 4. Real time data: Flanders Marine Institute and International Tsunami Warning Centers 5. GPS data to TIGA Centre at Potsdam (Germany) & University of La Rochelle 8
What does GLOSS provide? 1. Coordination mechanism for global sea level observations (e.g. GLOSS Group of Experts) 2. Global data standards and archiving facilities, QC of data, historic data rescue 3. Technical manuals and training material 4. Technical advice and special workshops on technical issues 5. Training courses on analysis and uses of sea level observations 6. Limited provision of hardware (e.g. tide gauges, GPS, transmitters) 9
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GLOSS Data Archaeology • New GLOSS data archaeology survey carried 2011/2012 (Thank you to IHO & TWLWG & Steve Shipman who kindly helped distribute to its community). [http://www.psmsl.org/about_us/news/2012/data_rescue .php] • Results from survey presented in Caldwell (2012) Tide Gauge Data Rescue. In Proceedings of The Memory of the World in the Digital age: Digitization and Preservation, (UESCO Conference, 26-28 September 2012, Vancouver, Canada. (http://www.sonel.org/IMG/pdf/caldwell_2012unesco.pdf) NUNINEAU software 11 (Courtesy S. Talke & D. Jay)
Tide gauge Takoradi, Ghana GLOSS Sea Level Training Course Oostende, 2006
GLOSS Implementation Plan 2012 • Third GLOSS Implementation Plan published 2012 () The new plan calls for two significant upgrades to the GLOSS Core Network of stations motivated by scientific and operational requirements: - all GCN stations are required to report data in near-real time - Continuous GNSS measurement stations in the vicinity of the tide gauge benchmark (TGBM) are required for all GCN stations. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/00 2178/217832e.pdf 13
GLOSS Core Network Status Developments between 1999 and 2012 • Primary element of GLOSS is the GLOSS Core Network (GCN) of approximately 300 sea level stations in nearly 90 countries. • Respectable improvement in GLOSS CN since 1999 and substantial increase in stations that provide data in near-real time - 201 stations in 2012 versus 72 stations in 1999 • in 2012 248 stations (86%) have provided data recently to GLOSS Data Centers 14
Sea Level Station Monitoring Web-service • Web-based global sea level station monitoring service for viewing sea level data received in real time from different network operators through a number of different communications channels. • Aims - to provide information about the operational status of global and regional networks of real time sea level stations; - to provide a display service for quick inspection of the raw data stream from individual stations. More information at: • 711 real time stations are presently www.ioc-sealevelmonitoring.org tracked on the web-site. •120 national agencies or institutions provide data to the web-site. 15
Examples of French contributions to GLOSS and IOC Programmes/Observation activities • Extensive French SL network coordinated by SHOM of which 15 sea level stations committed (globally) to GLOSS Core Network SHOM • Upgrades of 25+ sea level stations to real time data delivery over past 5 years SHOM • Provision of data to IOC Sea Level Station Monitoring Facility + Tsunami Warning Centers (incl CENALT) SHOM • ROSAME Sea Level network LEGOS • Système d'Observation du Niveau des Eaux Littorales (SONEL) including processing & inventoring of continuous GPS observations (Univ of La Rochelle) [GLOSS] 16
Examples of French contributions to GLOSS and IOC Programmes/Observation activities (cont) • Sea Level Data Archaeology and Data Recue (Univ of La Rochelle & SHOM) • CNES co-funded Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, Jason-3, Altika, SWOT, satellite altimeter missions [GOOS] • Small financial contribution towards GLOSS coordination and training • ~ 135 Argo Floats & CORIOLIS Project & MERCATOR LEGOS [GOOS] • IRD oceanographic activities (i.e. PIRATA project) [GOOS] • French National Tsunami Warning System (CENALT) CEA [NEAMTWS] • Repeat cruise legs [GOOS, IOCCP] French oceanographers have and do volunteer their time on many IOC committees ….. 17
www.gloss-sealevel.org www.ioc-unesco.org Thank you! 18
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